Laminated absorbent product with increased strength in defined areas

ABSTRACT

The present invention is generally directed to adhesive compositions comprising selected ratios of crystalline and amorphous polymers. In some versions of the invention, polymers capable of existing in different configurations (e.g., a polymer such as polypropylene which can exist in an atactic, syndiotactic. or isotactic configuration) are used to prepare adhesives of the present invention. As an example, a selected amount of isotactic polypropylene is blended with a selected amount of atactic polypropylene to prepare an adhesive composition having one or more performance properties (e.g., bond strength) that are superior to the performance properties of a conventional hot-melt adhesive. The adhesive compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in the preparation of laminated disposable absorbent products.

This patent application is a continuation patent application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/266,440, filed on Oct. 8, 2002, which isa continuation-in-part patent application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/945,239 filed on Aug. 31, 2001, which claims priority fromU.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/259,037 filed on Dec. 29, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

People rely on disposable absorbent articles to make their lives easier.Disposable absorbent articles, such as adult incontinence articles anddiapers, are generally manufactured by combining several components.These components typically include a liquid-permeable topsheet; aliquid-impermeable backsheet attached to the topsheet; and an absorbentcore located between the topsheet and the backsheet. When the disposablearticle is worn, the liquid-permeable topsheet is positioned next to thebody of the wearer. The topsheet allows passage of bodily fluids intothe absorbent core. The liquid-impermeable backsheet helps preventleakage of fluids held in the absorbent core. The absorbent coregenerally is designed to have desirable physical properties, e.g. a highabsorbent capacity and high absorption rate, so that bodily fluids canbe transported from the skin of the wearer into the disposable absorbentarticle.

Frequently one or more components of a disposable absorbent article areadhesively bonded together. For example, adhesives have been used tobond individual layers of the absorbent article, such as the topsheet(also known as, for example, the body-side liner) and backsheet (alsoknown as, for example, the outer cover), together. Adhesive has alsobeen used to bond discrete pieces, such as fasteners and leg elastics,to the article. In many cases, the bonding together of components formsa laminated structure in which adhesive is sandwiched between materials(such as layers of polymer film and/or layers of woven or nonwovenfabrics) that make up the components being bonded together.

In many instances, a hot-melt adhesive, i.e. a polymeric formulationthat is heated to substantially liquefy the formulation prior toapplication to one or both materials when making a laminate, is used inmaking a laminated structure. While such formulations generally work,they can be costly and their performance properties can be improved. Forexample, adhesion can be improved to help provide a sturdier laminate(e.g., to improve the integrity or strength of the bond between twocomponents in a disposable absorbent article). Alternatively, thepropensity of hot-melt adhesives to migrate from the laminated structureand onto the surfaces of equipment, such as ultrasonic-bonding equipmentused to ultrasonically bond layers, can be reduced or eliminated.

There is a need or desire for an adhesive composition that possesses oneor more performance characteristics that are comparable to, or betterthan, one or more of the same performance characteristics (e.g., bondstrength) of a conventional hot-melt adhesive and that will typicallycost less than a conventional hot-melt adhesive. Laminated structuresand disposable absorbent articles employing the adhesive compositionwould benefit from these improved characteristics. There is also a needor desire for efficient methods of making the adhesive composition, andefficient methods of making laminated structures and disposableabsorbent articles employing the adhesive composition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to adhesive compositionscomprising selected ratios of crystalline and amorphous polymers, theadhesive compositions having better performance characteristics and/orcosting less than conventional hot-melt adhesives. For example, we havediscovered that the performance characteristics of an adhesivecomposition comprising a polymer which can assume differentconfigurations (e.g., an atactic, isotactic, and/or syndiotacticconfiguration, as defined below) can be improved by manipulating theratio of the configurations present in the adhesive composition (e.g.,by increasing the amount of a polymer having an isotactic configuration,which typically has a higher degree of crystallinity compared to theother configurations, relative to the amount of polymer having anatactic configuration, which typically has a lower degree ofcrystallinity compared to the other configurations). So, for example, wehave found that a material comprising a combination of atacticpolypropylene and isotactic polypropylene possesses desirable adhesiveproperties and may be used to make laminated structures and disposableabsorbent articles.

An atactic, or amorphous, polymer is generally less likely to assume acrystalline structure. An isotactic polymer is generally more likely toassume a crystalline structure. Without being bound to any particulartheory, it is believed that a material comprising a specifiedcombination of atactic and isotactic polymers, such as atactic andisotactic polypropylene, possesses regions, and/or characteristics, ofboth a crystalline material and an amorphous material. By changing therelative amounts of atactic and isotactic polymer, or for that matterthe relative amounts of polymer having differing degrees ofcrystallinity, one can change the performance characteristics of theresulting adhesive composition. The adhesive compositions of the presentinvention generally perform better, and cost less, than conventionalhot-melt adhesives. It should be understood, however, that the presentinvention encompasses adhesive compositions comprising selected polymershaving different degrees of crystallinity, such as an adhesivecomposition comprising atactic and isotactic polypropylene, whether ornot the composition possesses all of the advantages discussed herein.

As stated above, a material comprising a combination of an atactic andisotactic polymer, such as a material comprising atactic polypropyleneand isotactic polypropylene, may cost less than a conventional hot-meltadhesive. Generally this is because conventional hot-melt adhesives aretypically formulated by combining several components, including apolymer or polymers for cohesive strength; resins, tackifiers, or othergenerally low molecular-weight materials for adhesive strength;viscosity modifiers such as oils or wax-like materials; and otheradditives (e.g., antioxidants). In some versions of the invention, acombination of the atactic and isotactic polymer alone provides improvedbond characteristics compared to conventional hot-melt adhesives. But itshould be understood that the present invention encompasses adhesivecompositions that include selected atactic, isotactic, and/orsyndiotactic polymers, or selected polymers having different degrees ofcrystallinity, combined with other additives or materials.

Another advantage present in some versions of the present invention isthat the compositions may be used in conventional hot-melt-adhesiveprocessing equipment. Thus the adhesive material may be used inequipment already installed for the purpose of processing and applyingconventional hot-melt adhesives.

Apart from whether or not adhesive compositions of the present inventioncost less than conventional hot-melt adhesives, we have found thatrepresentative embodiments of our present invention possess improvedperformance characteristics compared to the performance characteristicsof conventional hot-melt adhesives. These performance benefits mayjustify processing and applying adhesive compositions of the presentinvention in modified conventional-hot-melt-adhesive equipment, or inequipment especially designed and built for the purpose of processingand applying adhesive compositions of the present invention.Furthermore, these performance benefits may justify adhesivecompositions of the present invention, in some instances, being at ahigher cost than conventional-hot-melt adhesives.

A look at one set of results presented in the Examples belowdemonstrates one advantage that is present in at least some versions ofthe present invention. In one example, 8 different adhesives, one ofwhich was an example of the present invention, were used to bond twosubstrates together. All of the test laminates were made usingconventional hot-melt processing equipment in which both theconventional hot-melt adhesives and an adhesive of the present inventionwere substantially liquefied at a temperature ranging from about 350degrees Fahrenheit to about 380 degrees Fahrenheit. The substantiallyliquefied adhesive was then conducted from the hot-melt tank, by a gearpump, to a point of application proximate to one of the substrates usedto make the laminate. Each of the 8 laminates employing a differentadhesive composition was then subjected to a test designed to evaluatethe integrity or strength of the bond between the two substrates (again,described in more detail below). The 7 laminates each comprising adifferent, conventional hot-melt adhesive failed in about 4 hours orless (failure meaning that the two substrates, initially joined usingthe adhesive, became completely detached from one another; this time offailure is identified as the static-peel-failure time). The laminateemploying an adhesive composition of the present invention did notexhibit a bonding failure after 30 hours. Instead, one of the substratesitself failed during the test; i.e., the bond did not fail, there was afailure of the material because the bond was stronger than the material.

One version of an adhesive composition possessing features of thepresent invention comprises an atactic polymer having a degree ofcrystallinity of about 20% or less, specifically a crystallinity ofabout 15% or less, and a number-average molecular weight of from about1000 to about 300,000, specifically about 3000 to about 100,000; and anisotactic polymer having a degree of crystallinity of about 40% or more,specifically of about 60% or more, particularly of about 80% or more,and a number-average molecular weight of from about 3000 to about200,000, more particularly of about 10,000 to about 100,000; wherein theadhesive composition is hot-melt processable at a temperature of about450 degrees Fahrenheit or less, specifically at a temperature of about400 degrees Fahrenheit or less, particularly at a temperature of about375 degrees Fahrenheit or less, and suitably at a temperature of about350 degrees Fahrenheit or less.

This adhesive composition can have a melt index between about 100 andabout 2000 grams per 10 minutes, or between about 200 and about 1800grams per 10 minutes, or between about 500 and about 1500 grams per 10minutes, as determined using ASTM D 1238. The melt index is dependentupon the crystallinity, molecular weight, and the molecular weightdistribution of the polymers included in the adhesive composition. Insome versions of the invention, the atactic polymer is present in anamount of about 50 to about 90 weight percent and the isotactic polymeris present in an amount of about 5 to about 50 weight percent. Theconcept of an adhesive composition being hot-melt processable isdiscussed in more detail below. The atactic polymer may be the same asthe isotactic polymer (e.g., both may be polypropylene, as describedbelow, or both may be polystyrene, polybutene, polyethylene, orcombinations of any of these, for example), or the atactic polymer maybe different from the isotactic polymer. The term “high densitypolyethylene” (HDPE) is used to refer to polyethylene that isessentially isotactic, while the term “low density polyethylene” (LDPE)is used to refer to polyethylene that is essentially atactic. HDPEgenerally has a density in a range of about 0.935 to 0.980 grams percubic centimeter, while LDPE generally has a density in a range of about0.910 to 0.935 grams per cubic centimeter.

For purposes of this application, weight percent is defined as the massof one type of polymer (e.g., atactic) in the adhesive compositiondivided by the sum of the masses of other types of polymer (e.g.,atactic and isotactic) in the adhesive composition, plus the mass(es) ofany additional component(s) that might be present in the adhesivecomposition, with this value being multiplied by 100. So, for example,if we form an adhesive composition comprising 40 grams of atacticpolypropylene with 60 grams of isotactic polypropylene, the combinationincludes 40 weight percent atactic polypropylene.

One version of an adhesive composition possessing features of thepresent invention comprises atactic polypropylene having a degree ofcrystallinity of about 20% or less, specifically a crystallinity ofabout 15% or less, and a number-average molecular weight of from about1000 to about 300,000, specifically about 3000 to about 100,000; andisotactic polypropylene having a degree of crystallinity of about 40% ormore, specifically of about 60% or more, particularly of about 80% ormore, and a weight average molecular weight of from about 3000 to about200,000, more particularly of about 10,000 to about 100,000; wherein theadhesive composition is hot-melt processable at a temperature of about450 degrees Fahrenheit or less. This adhesive composition can have amelt index between about 100 and about 2000 grams per 10 minutes, orbetween about 200 and about 1800 grams per 10 minutes, or between about500 and about 1500 grams per 10 minutes. Another version of an adhesivecomposition of the present invention provides that the adhesivecomposition is hot-melt processable at a temperature of about 400degrees Fahrenheit or less, specifically at a temperature of about 375degrees Fahrenheit or less, and more specifically at a temperature ofabout 350 degrees Fahrenheit or less. Still another version of anadhesive composition of the present invention provides that the atacticpolypropylene is present in amount of about 50 to about 90 weightpercent and the isotactic polypropylene is present in an amount of about5 to about 50 weight percent.

In another aspect, the invention encompasses laminated structuresemploying versions of the adhesive composition as described above. Forexample, one version of a laminated structure of the present inventioncomprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein at least a portionof the first layer is attached to at least a portion of the second layerusing an adhesive composition that is the same as, or analogous to, oneor more of the versions described above, and wherein the laminatedstructure has a static-peel-failure time of at least about 1 hour,specifically of at least about 8 hours, and particularly of at leastabout 24 hours.

In yet another aspect, a laminated structure of the present inventioncomprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein at least a portionof the first layer is attached to at least a portion of the second layerusing an adhesive composition that is the same as, or analogous to, oneor more of the versions described above, and wherein the laminatedstructure has a relative accretion value of less than 1, or less than0.5, or less than 0.2 (or, alternatively, an accretion value that issubstantially zero, or an accretion value that is less than theaccretion value of a conventional hot-melt adhesive for which anadhesive composition of the present invention is substituted). Arelative accretion value of less than 1 means that the adhesivecomposition of the present invention builds up on processing equipment,such as ultrasonic-bonding equipment, at a rate, or in an amount, lessthan a conventional hot-melt adhesive that is selected as thecomparator. In some versions of the invention, a laminated structureemploying an adhesive composition having features of the presentinvention, when passed through a unit operation in which the laminatedstructure is exposed to energy (e.g., ultrasonic energy, infraredenergy, thermal energy by conductive or convective transport, and/or thelike), produces substantially no build up of the adhesive composition onsurfaces of equipment that make up that unit operation (e.g., thesurfaces of ultrasonic-bonding equipment used to ultrasonically bondmaterials).

For any of the laminated structures described above, the first andsecond layer may be part of one-and-the-same substrate. That is, thesubstrate may be folded over and joined to itself using an adhesivecomposition of the present invention.

Furthermore, the first layer, second layer, or both may comprise avariety of materials, including, but not limited to a nonwoven (e.g., anecked-bonded laminate or a spun-bond material); a film; a wovenmaterial; an elasticized component; a substrate comprising cellulosicmaterial, thermoplastic material, or both; some combination of these; orthe like.

In yet another aspect, an absorbent article may be formed that employsan adhesive composition of the present invention and/or a laminatedstructure of the present invention. So, for example, one version of anabsorbent article of the present invention comprises a liquid-permeabletopsheet; a liquid-impermeable backsheet; and a laminated structurehaving features of the present invention, such as one or more of theversions described above. Some or all of the backsheet may include thelaminated structure; some or all of the topsheet may include thelaminated structure; the laminated structure may be attached, directlyor indirectly, to the backsheet, the topsheet, or both; or a laminatedstructure or structures may be present in some combination of these.

In addition to various versions of adhesive compositions, laminatedstructures, and absorbent products of the present invention, the presentinvention also encompasses methods of making these compositions,structures, and articles of manufacture.

One version of a method of making a laminated structure having featuresof the present invention comprises the steps of providing a firstsubstrate; providing a second substrate; providing an atactic polymerhaving a degree of crystallinity of about 20% or less, specifically acrystallinity of about 15% or less, and a number-average molecularweight of from about 1000 to about 300,000, specifically about 3000 toabout 100,000; providing an isotactic polymer having a degree ofcrystallinity of about 40% or more, specifically of about 60% or more,particularly of about 80% or more, and a number-average molecular weightof from about 3000 to about 200,000, more particularly of about 10,000to about 100,000; heating the atactic polymer and the isotactic polymerso that they are sufficiently liquefied for blending; blending theheated atactic polymer and the heated isotactic polymer to form anadhesive composition that is melt-processable at a temperature of lessthan about 450 degrees Fahrenheit, specifically of less than about 400degrees Fahrenheit, particularly of less than about 375 degreesFahrenheit, and suitably of less than about 350 degrees Fahrenheit;applying the adhesive composition to the first substrate, the secondsubstrate, or both substrates; and joining at least a portion of thefirst substrate to at least a portion of the second substrate so thatsome or all of the applied adhesive composition is positioned betweenthe first substrate and second substrate. In some methods of the presentinvention, the atactic polymer is present in an amount of about 50 toabout 90 weight percent and the isotactic polymer is present in anamount of about 5 to about 50 weight percent. The isotactic polymer andthe atactic polymer may be the same polymer (e.g., atactic polypropyleneand isotactic polypropylene, or atactic polystyrene and isotacticpolystyrene, or atactic polybutene and isotactic polybutene, or HDPE andLDPE, or combinations of the same polymers), or different polymers.

It should be understood that the atactic and isotactic polymers could beheated and blended at a site other than the site where the laminate isbeing formed. For example, atactic and isotactic polymer could beblended using an extruder or hot-melt processing equipment at a firstgeographic location. The blend could then be allowed to cool andprocessed to make a solid form (e.g., pellets). The atactic/isotacticpolymer blend, in solid form, could then be shipped from the firstgeographic site to a site where a laminate is to be made. The blend, insolid form, would simply be heated to substantially liquefy the adhesivecomposition prior to its being used to make a laminate.

It should also be understood that a method having features of thepresent invention encompasses different sequences of steps by which theadhesive composition is made. For example, the atactic polymer could beheated in a first container; the isotactic polymer could be heated in asecond container, before, after, or concurrently with the heating of theatactic polymer; and then the two substantially liquefied polymers couldbe blended in the first container, the second container, or a thirdcontainer. Alternatively, one of an atactic or isotactic polymer couldbe heated in a container, and after the selected polymer wassubstantially liquefied, the remaining polymer could be added to thesame container to be heated and blended. In another alternative, theatactic and isotactic polymer could be added to the same container to beheated and blended at the same time. In other words, our inventioncontemplates various methods and sequences by which selected amounts ofpolymer having an atactic, isotactic, and/or syndiotactic configuration(plus any other optional additives), or selected amounts of polymershaving different degrees of crystallinity, are heated and blended toform an adhesive composition of the present invention.

The preceding discussion assumes that the atactic polymer and isotacticpolymer are in substantially solid form at room temperature, ortemperatures that are typically present in a working environmentsuitable for human beings. To the extent that the atactic polymer orisotactic polymer is available in substantially liquid form, then thosesteps providing for heating and liquefying that material (i.e., thealready-liquefied material) can be omitted from methods of the presentinvention.

Another version of a method of making a laminated structure havingfeatures of the present invention comprises the steps of providing afirst substrate; providing a second substrate; providing atacticpolypropylene having a degree of crystallinity of about 20% or less,specifically a crystallinity of about 15% or less, and a number-averagemolecular weight of from about 1000 to about 300,000, specifically about3000 to about 100,000; providing isotactic polypropylene having a degreeof crystallinity of about 40% or more, specifically of about 60% ormore, particularly of about 80% or more, and a number-average molecularweight of from about 3000 to about 200,000, more particularly of about10,000 to about 100,000; heating the atactic polypropylene and theisotactic polypropylene so that they are sufficiently liquefied forblending; blending the heated atactic polypropylene and the heatedisotactic polypropylene to form an adhesive composition that ismelt-processable at a temperature of less than about 450 degreesFahrenheit, specifically of less than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit,particularly of less than about 375 degrees Fahrenheit, and suitably ofless than about 350 degrees Fahrenheit; applying the adhesivecomposition to the first substrate, the second substrate, or bothsubstrates; and joining at least a portion of the first substrate to atleast a portion of the second substrate so that some or all of theapplied adhesive composition is positioned between the first substrateand second substrate. In some methods of the present invention, atacticpolypropylene is present in amount of about 50 to about 90 weightpercent and isotactic polypropylene is present in an amount of about 5to about 50 weight percent.

Again, as mentioned above, the present invention encompasses differentsequences of steps and unit operations for making an adhesivecomposition of the present invention.

Furthermore, the methods described above encompass the first layer,second layer, or both comprising a variety of materials, including, butnot limited to a nonwoven (e.g., a neck-bonded laminate or a spun-bondmaterial), a film, a woven material, an elasticized component, asubstrate comprising cellulosic material and/or a thermoplasticmaterial, some combination of these, or the like. Also, methods ofmaking a laminated structure of the present invention encompass thefirst and second layer being part of one-and-the-same substrate. Thatis, the substrate may be folded over and joined to itself using anadhesive composition of the present invention.

A method of making an adhesive composition having features of thepresent invention comprises the steps of: providing atactic polymerhaving a degree of crystallinity of about 20% or less, specifically acrystallinity of about 15% or less, and a number-average molecularweight of from about 1000 to about 300,000, specifically of from about3000 to about 100,000; providing isotactic polymer having a degree ofcrystallinity of about 40% or more, specifically of about 60% or more,particularly of about 80% or more, a number-average molecular weight offrom about 3000 to about 200,000, more particularly of about 10,000 toabout 100,000; heating the atactic polymer and the isotactic polymer sothat they are sufficiently liquefied for blending; and blending theheated atactic polymer and the heated isotactic polymer to form anadhesive composition that is melt-processable at a temperature of lessthan about 450 degrees Fahrenheit, specifically of less than about 400degrees Fahrenheit, particularly of less than about 375 degreesFahrenheit, and suitably of less than about 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Insome methods of the present invention, the atactic polymer is present inamount of about 50 to about 90 weight percent and the isotactic polymeris present in an amount of about 5 to about 50 weight percent. Theisotactic polymer and the atactic polymer may be the same polymer (e.g.,atactic polypropylene and isotactic polypropylene, or atacticpolystyrene and isotactic polystyrene, or atactic polybutene andisotactic polybutene, or HDPE and LDPE), or different polymers.Furthermore, the atactic polymer may also include amorphous polyolefincopolymer, such as butene-ethylene copolymer and/or propylene-ethylenecopolymer, for example.

Another method of making an adhesive composition having features of thepresent invention comprises the steps of: providing atacticpolypropylene having a degree of crystallinity of about 20% or less,specifically a crystallinity of about 15% or less, and a number-averagemolecular weight of from about 1000 to about 300,000, specifically about3000 to about 100,000; providing isotactic polypropylene having a degreeof crystallinity of about 40% or more, specifically of about 60% ormore, particularly of about 80% or more, and a number-average molecularweight of from about 3000 to about 200,000, more particularly of about10,000 to about 100,000; heating the atactic polypropylene and theisotactic polypropylene so that they are sufficiently liquefied forblending; and blending the heated atactic polypropylene and the heatedisotactic polypropylene to form an adhesive composition that ismelt-processable at a temperature of less than about 450 degreesFahrenheit, specifically of less than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit,particularly of less than about 375 degrees Fahrenheit, and suitably ofless than about 350 degrees Fahrenheit. In some methods of the presentinvention, the atactic polypropylene is present in amount of about 50 toabout 90 weight percent and the isotactic polypropylene is present in anamount of about 5 to about 50 weight percent.

One version of a method in which an adhesive composition of the presentinvention is metered or delivered at a desired rate to a unit operation(e.g., a unit operation where the adhesive composition is applied to asubstrate or substrates in order to make a laminate) comprises the stepsof: determining the amount of adhesive composition being used by theunit operation per unit time; and force-adjusting the volumetric flowrate or the mass flow rate of the adhesive composition so that theamount of adhesive composition being metered or delivered to the unitoperation corresponds to the amount of adhesive composition being usedby the unit operation per unit time.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 gives symbolic representations of syndiotactic, isotactic, andatactic configurations of a polymer.

FIG. 2 gives a visual representation of a fringed-micelle model of amaterial having both amorphous and crystalline regions.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of one version of a method andapparatus for preparing, processing, and delivering an adhesivecomposition.

FIG. 4A shows one version of a feedback control scheme.

FIG. 4B shows one version of a feedforward control scheme.

FIG. 5 shows one version of a process control system.

FIG. 6 shows one version of a process for making a laminate comprisingan adhesive composition.

FIG. 7A shows a top view of a portion of one version of a laminate.

FIG. 7B shows a sectional, perspective view of a test panel cut from oneversion of a laminate.

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of a diaper taken across line 8-8 ofFIG. 10.

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of a containment flap.

FIG. 10 is a top view of a diaper.

FIG. 11 is a top view of a diaper having ear attachment zones.

FIG. 12 is a top view of a diaper having reinforcement pieces and ears.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a diaper having a pub patch bondedto the outer cover with an adhesive composition according to a firstembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a diaper having a pub patch bondedto the outer cover with an adhesive composition according to a secondembodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is generally directed to adhesive compositionscomprising selected ratios of crystalline and amorphous polymers. Forexample, the present invention encompasses adhesive compositionscomprising selected amounts of polymers having different configurations(e.g., a combination of atactic polypropylene and isotacticpolypropylene). Adhesive compositions of the present invention generallyperform better, and typically cost less, than conventional hot-meltadhesives. Furthermore, these compositions may typically be processedand applied using conventional hot-melt adhesive processing equipment.Generally new equipment will not be necessary to use adhesivecompositions of the present invention.

Before describing representative embodiments of the invention, it isuseful to define a number of terms for purposes of this application.These definitions are provided to assist the reader of this document.

“Nonwoven” fabric or web means a web having a structure of individualfibers or threads that are interlaid, but not in a regular oridentifiable manner as in a knitted fabric. Nonwoven fabrics or webshave been formed from many processes such as, for example, meltblowingprocesses, spunbonding processes, air laying processes, and bondedcarded web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usuallyexpressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams persquare meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters are usually expressed inmicrons. (Note: to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91.)

“Woven” fabric or web means a fabric or web containing a structure offibers, filaments, or yarns, which are arranged in an orderly,inter-engaged fashion. Woven fabrics typically contain inter-engagedfibers in a “warp” and “fill” direction. The warp direction correspondsto the length of the fabric while the fill direction corresponds to thewidth of the fabric. Woven fabrics can be made, for example, on avariety of looms including, but not limited to, shuttle looms, rapierlooms, projectile looms, air jet looms, and water jet looms.

“Spunbonded fibers”, or “spundbond fibers”, means small-diameter fibersthat are typically formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material asfilaments from a plurality of fine capillaries of a spinneret having acircular or other configuration, with the diameter of the extrudedfilaments then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 4,340,563 to Appel et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,618 to Dorschneret al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., U.S. Pat. Nos.3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,763 to Hartman,U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,538 to Petersen, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,615 to Doboet al., each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety andin a manner consistent with the present document. Spunbond fibers arequenched and generally not tacky when they are deposited onto acollecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and oftenhave average diameters larger than about 7 microns, and moreparticularly between about 10 and 30 microns. A spunbond material,layer, or substrate comprises spunbonded (or spunbond) fibers.

The term “meltblown fibers” means fibers formed by extruding a moltenmaterial, typically thermoplastic in nature, through a plurality offine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filamentsinto converging high-velocity heated gas (e.g., air) streams thatattenuate the filaments of molten material to reduce their diameter,which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibersare carried by the high-velocity gas stream and are deposited on acollecting surface to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers.Such a process is disclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,241 toButin. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous ordiscontinuous, are generally smaller than 10 microns in diameter, andare generally self-bonding when deposited onto a collecting surface.

As used herein, the term “microfibers” means small-diameter fibershaving an average diameter not greater than about 100 microns, forexample, having a diameter of from about 0.5 microns to about 50microns, more specifically microfibers may also have an average diameterof from about 1 micron to about 20 microns. Microfibers having anaverage diameter of about 3 microns or less are commonly referred to asultra-fine microfibers. A description of an exemplary process of makingultra-fine microfibers may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,213,881, entitled “A Nonwoven Web With Improved Barrier Properties”.

“Conventional hot-melt adhesive” means a formulation that generallycomprises several components. These components typically include one ormore polymers to provide cohesive strength (e.g., aliphatic polyolefinssuch as poly (ethylene-co-propylene) copolymer; ethylene vinyl acetatecopolymers; styrene-butadiene or styrene-isoprene block copolymers;etc.); a resin or analogous material (sometimes called a tackifier) toprovide adhesive strength (e.g., hydrocarbons distilled from petroleumdistillates; rosins and/or rosin esters; terpenes derived, for example,from wood or citrus, etc.); perhaps waxes, plasticizers or othermaterials to modify viscosity (i.e., flowability) (examples of suchmaterials include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, polybutene,paraffin oils, ester oils, and the like); and/or other additivesincluding, but not limited to, antioxidants or other stabilizers. Atypical hot-melt adhesive formulation might contain from about 15 toabout 35 weight percent cohesive strength polymer or polymers; fromabout 50 to about 65 weight percent resin or other tackifier ortackifiers; from more than zero to about 30 weight percent plasticizeror other viscosity modifier; and optionally less than about 1 weightpercent stabilizer or other additive. It should be understood that otheradhesive formulations comprising different weight percentages of thesecomponents are possible.

While certain versions of the present invention encompass combinationsof atactic and isotactic polymers only (e.g., atactic polypropylene andisotactic polypropylene), it should be understood that other embodimentsof the present invention comprise components in addition to combinationsof atactic and isotactic polymers (or components in addition to selectedamounts of polymers having different degrees of crystallinity).

“Hot-melt processable” means that an adhesive composition may beliquefied using a hot-melt tank (i.e., a system in which the compositionis heated so that it is substantially in liquid form; see, e.g., theadhesive-supply unit referred to in the Example 1 below) and transportedvia a pump (e.g., a gear pump or positive-displacement pump) from thetank to the point of application proximate to a substrate or othermaterial; or to another tank, system, or unit operation (e.g., aseparate system, which may include an additional pump or pumps, fordelivering the adhesive to the point of application). Hot-melt tanksused to substantially liquefy a hot-melt adhesive typically operate in arange from about 100 degrees Fahrenheit to about 450 degrees Fahrenheit.Generally, at the point of application, the substantially liquefiedadhesive composition will pass through a nozzle or bank of nozzles, butmay pass through some other mechanical element such as a slot. Ahot-melt processable adhesive composition is to be contrasted with acomposition that requires a conventional extruder, and the attendantpressures and temperatures characteristic of an extruder, to liquefy,mix, and/or convey the composition. While a hot-melt tank and pump in ahot-melt processing system can handle adhesive-composition viscositiesin a range of up to 50,000 centipoise, an extruder can handle andprocess adhesive-composition viscosities in a range from about 10,000centipoise to viscosities of several hundred thousand centipoise. Anadvantage of some adhesive compositions of the present invention is thatsaid compositions are hot-melt processable; i.e., the combinationcomprising isotactic and atactic polymers may be substantially liquefiedin a hot-melt tank and conveyed to the point of application via a pump.As was stated above, however, some adhesive compositions of the presentinvention may not possess this particular advantage.

Unless otherwise noted, “laminated structure” or “laminate” means astructure in which one layer, material, component, web, or substrate isadhesively bonded, at least in part, to another layer, material,component, web, or substrate. As stated elsewhere in this application, alayer, material, component, web, or substrate may be folded over andadhesively bonded to itself to form a “laminated structure” or“laminate.”

“Polymer”, as used herein, generally includes, but is not limited to,homopolymers, copolymers, such as, for example, block, graft, random andalternating copolymers, terpolymers, and blends and modificationsthereof. As is explained in this document, polymers may assume differentconfigurations, including isotactic, atactic, and syndiotacticconfigurations. “Configuration” describes those arrangements of atomsthat cannot be altered except by breaking and reforming primary chemicalbonds (i.e., covalent bonds). In contrast, “conformation” describesarrangements that can be altered by rotating groups of atoms aroundsingle bonds. It should be noted that a single polymer chain may besynthesized such that some portions of the chain have an isotacticconfiguration and some portions of the chain have an atacticconfiguration.

A graphic example provides additional detail on the types ofconfigurations mentioned above. If a polymer chain is depicted in afully-extended, planar, zigzag conformation 1100, the configurationresulting when all the substituent groups R 1102 on the polymer lieabove (depicted in FIG. 1B) or below (not depicted) the plane of themain chain is called “isotactic”. If substituent groups lie alternatelyabove and below the plane the configuration is called “syndiotactic”(depicted in FIG. 1A). And a random sequence of substituents lying aboveand below the plane is described as an “atactic” configuration (depictedin FIG. 1C). As discussed above, a polymer, or a region of a polymer,having an isotactic configuration is more likely to assumecharacteristics of a crystalline structure. For purposes of thisinvention, the term “isotactic polymer” refers to a polymer that is atleast 60% isotactic, suitably at least 70% isotactic, alternatively atleast 80% isotactic. A polymer, or a region of a polymer, having anatactic configuration is more likely to assume characteristics of anamorphous structure. An atactic polymer may assume some crystallinity,but the degree of crystallinity is typically less than 20%, or less than15%. For purposes of this invention, the term “atactic polymer” refersto a polymer that may not be 100% atactic, but is at least 80% atactic.And a polymer, or a region of a polymer, having a syndiotacticconfiguration can assume characteristics of a crystalline structure,which is similar to the degree of crystallinity in an isotacticconfiguration.

In this application, “fringed-micelle model” means a theoreticalconstruct characterizing polymeric structures that have both crystalline150 and amorphous 152 regions (one version of a graphic depiction of afringed-micellar structure is presented in FIG. 2). This model may beused to characterize the structure of an atactic polymer and anisotactic polymer individually, i.e., each polymer possesses bothcrystalline regions and amorphous regions. As explained above, theisotactic polymer likely possesses a greater degree of crystallinitycompared to an atactic polymer. Furthermore, this model may be used tocharacterize the structure of a blend of isotactic polymer and atacticpolymer. It should be understood that this model provides one possibleview of characteristics of the present invention and in no way limitsthe scope thereof.

The term “open time,” as used herein, refers to the length of timeduring which an adhesive composition remains tacky or sticky prior todrying. Open time is affected by isotacticity of a polymer, such thatthe greater the level of isotacticity the shorter the open time.

In the process description that follows, the preparation, processing,and application of an adhesive composition comprising atacticpolypropylene and isotactic polypropylene is described. It should beunderstood, however, that this description is given as an example. Otherprocessing methods and equipment may be used to prepare and delivervarious adhesive compositions of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus 20, and a method forspraying an adhesive composition, on a moving web 22. The apparatus 20may include a programmable control system 24 that is operativelyconnected to a flow-control system 26. The combination of theprogrammable control system 24 and the flow-control system 26 areconfigured to control the delivery of an adhesive composition in liquidform to the moving web 22. Generally an adhesive composition is receivedin solid form at a manufacturing site where equipment such as thatdepicted in FIG. 3 is located. For example, hot-melt adhesivecompositions may be received as solid pellets, blocks, or some othershape. The solid is then heated so that the hot-melt adhesivecomposition is in a form such that it can be conveyed, and applied, to asubstrate or other material. Usually this requires that the heatedhot-melt adhesive be in substantially liquid form. For the presentinvention, an adhesive composition comprising an atactic and isotacticpolymer (e.g., atactic polypropylene and isotactic polypropylene), insolid form, might be received at a manufacturing site for heating andprocessing as described above. Alternatively, the atactic and isotacticpolymer might be received as separate components to be blended at themanufacturing site (as discussed above in the Summary, the presentinvention encompasses a variety of sequences of steps for makingadhesive compositions of the present invention). An example of equipmentand methods for heating an adhesive composition, or precursor materialsto the adhesive composition, are described in more detail below.

The apparatus may also include a position-sensing system that isconfigured to sense a position of the moving web 22 and, in responsethereto, generate a signal that is sent to the programmable controlsystem 24.

As representatively illustrated in FIG. 3, the continuously moving web22 may be supplied by any means known to those skilled in the art, suchas known conveyor systems. The continuously moving web 22 can includeany type of layer or web of material, such as: films; nonwoven webs;woven webs which may include strands of thermoplastic material; anelasticized component; natural material such as threads of cotton andthe like; laminate materials; or combinations thereof. Moreparticularly, the continuously moving web 22 may include a necked-bondedlaminate (“NBL”), which generally comprises a polyethylene layersandwiched between two polypropylene, spunbonded layers; apolypropylene, spunbonded layer (“SB”); or an outercover comprising apolyethylene layer and a polypropylene, spunbonded layer. As isdescribed below in more specific terms, the adhesive is sprayed on thecontinuously moving web 22 in a specific design or pattern forsubsequent placement of or bonding to another material. The othermaterial can be the same or different than the web to which adhesive wasapplied. In some cases adhesive might be applied to both substratesbefore they are joined together. And, as mentioned in the Summarysection above, one substrate might be folded over and attached to itselfto form a laminated structure.

The programmable control system 24 of the present invention isconfigured to send signals to the flow control system 26 which, inresponse thereto, is configured to initiate a spray of adhesive at thecorrect time to provide the desired pattern of adhesive on the movingweb 22. As representatively illustrated in FIG. 3, the flow controlsystem 26 includes an adhesive source 28 which is configured to deliveran adhesive through an adhesive supply line 30 to a metering mechanism32. The adhesive can be delivered to the metering mechanism 32 by anymeans known to those skilled in the art, such as by the use of a pump.

The metering mechanism 32 is configured to continuously supply at leastone independent, volumetric flow of adhesive to a respective nozzle. Asused herein, the term “volumetric flow” refers to a flow of adhesivethat has a predetermined volumetric flow rate. Such a “volumetric flow”may be provided by a positive-displacement metering pump which isconfigured to supply a specific volumetric flow which is independent ofthe manner in which the adhesive is supplied to the metering mechanism32. As a result, for an adhesive that is at a given density, themetering mechanism 32 is configured to provide an independent,predetermined mass flow rate of adhesive to each nozzle. Other adhesiveprocessing and delivery systems utilize pressure to provide a flow ofadhesive.

The metering mechanism 32 of the present invention may be configured tosupply a single, volumetric flow of adhesive to one nozzle or anindependent, volumetric flow of adhesive to each of a plurality ofnozzles depending upon the number of nozzles required to provide thedesired pattern of adhesive on the moving web 22. A suitable device toprovide the metering mechanism 32 may include a positive-displacementmetering pump which is commercially available from May CoatingTechnologies, Acumeter Division, a business having offices located inHolliston, Mass., under the trade designation No. 19539. The meteringmechanism 32 may include any other piston pump or gear pump which arewell known to those skilled in the art.

The metering mechanism 32 may be configured to supply any desiredvolumetric flow rate of adhesive to each nozzle. For example, themetering mechanism 32 may be configured to provide a pre-determinedvolumetric flow rate of from about 1 to about 1000 cubic centimeters perminute and suitably from about 30 to about 180 cubic centimeters ofadhesive per minute to each nozzle. The metering mechanism 32 may beconfigured to provide either a constant or a variable volumetric flowrate of adhesive to each nozzle. For example, if the metering mechanism32 is a positive-displacement metering pump, the speed of the pump maybe controlled to vary the volumetric flow rate of adhesive to thenozzles.

Each nozzle 38 and 40 as representatively illustrated in FIG. 3 can beany device which is capable of providing the desired pattern of adhesiveon the moving web 22. For example, one suitable nozzle is commerciallyavailable from Nordson Corporation, a business having offices located inDuluth, Ga., under the trade designation Model No. 144906. Anothersuitable nozzle for use in the present invention is obtainable from ITWDynatec Co. of Hendersonville, Tenn., under the trade designation number057B1639, I.D. #A3. Such nozzles are typically configured to be operatedbetween an on position and an off position to control the spray ofadhesive from the nozzles. When operated in the on position, each nozzlemay be configured to spray substantially the entire volumetric flow ofadhesive which is independently supplied to it to more accuratelycontrol the amount and pattern of the adhesive on the moving web. Thenozzles 38 and 40 may further be configured to include air streams thatcan be directed to provide a desired pattern in the spray of adhesivebeing dispensed from each nozzle. Such air streams can provide a desiredadhesive spray pattern, such as a pattern of swirls of adhesive.

After the pattern of adhesive has been sprayed on the moving web 22, theweb may be further processed in a variety of ways. For example, thecontinuously moving web 22 may be contacted by a second substrate web,such as a nonwoven layer, between a pair of nip rolls to adhesively jointhe two substrate webs together. Thereafter, this composite material orlaminate may be used in a variety of ways such as in the construction ofdisposable absorbent articles such as diapers, incontinent articles,training pants, feminine care articles and the like.

The above discussion provides one example of hot-melt processingequipment 15 and a system for applying adhesive to a substrate. Itshould be understood that this is but one example, and that the presentinvention encompasses other systems for preparing and applying adhesives(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,668, entitled “Apparatus for SprayedAdhesive Diaper Construction,” which issued on 21 Aug. 1990, and whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and in a mannerconsistent with the present document).

Regardless of the system used to apply the adhesive, the resultingcomposite material or laminate may be exposed to thermal, infrared,ultrasonic, or other forms of energy in subsequent unit operations orprocessing steps. For example, the laminate or composite material maypass through an ultrasonic-bonding unit operation wherein the laminateor composite material are exposed to ultrasonic energy. After exemplarycomposite materials or laminates such as those referred to above areformed using an adhesive composition of the present invention, some orall of the composite or laminate may be exposed to ultrasonic energy.Referring to PCT International Publication Number WO 99/25296, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in a manner consistentwith the present document, the publication discloses the use ofultrasonic bonding to form side seams or seals in the disposableunderpant. (See, e.g., page 29, lines 10-25; additional detail regardingthe forming of such side seals is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,681,which issued on 9 Sep. 1986 and is entitled “Disposable UnderpantsHaving Discrete Outer Seals,” and which is hereby incorporated byreference in a manner consistent with the present document; and U.S.Pat. No. 4,641,381, which issued on 10 Feb. 1997 and is entitled“Disposable Underpants, Such as Infant s Training Pants and the Like,”which is also incorporated by reference in a manner consistent with thepresent document.) Thus adhesives of the present invention, used to makelaminates and composite materials, may be exposed to ultrasonic energywhen ultrasonic-bonding equipment is used in subsequent processing steps(e.g., when the ultrasonic bonding equipment is used to form the seamsor seals in the disposable absorbent article as discussed above).

It has been observed that one or more components of some conventionalhot-melt adhesives flow when exposed to ultrasonic energy. The flowingadhesive, or components thereof, may then penetrate through the laminateor composite material to contact the surfaces of ultrasonic-bondingequipment. Alternatively, or in addition to, this mechanism, theadhesive, or components thereof, may flow through gaps between alaminate or composite material and build up on the surface of theultrasonic-bonding equipment. This in turn may lead to build up oraccretion of adhesive on parts of the ultrasonic-bonding equipment. Asthe adhesive builds up, the adhesive may bind other materials such thatthe build up or accretion comprises both adhesive and other materials,such as fibers from a nonwoven web or other component or piece. Thisbuild up or accretion may decrease performance of the ultrasonic-bondingequipment, and may lead to increased down time of the production machineused to make the substrate composite and/or absorbent product.

As is discussed below in the Examples section, conventional hot-meltadhesives or one or more of their components do build up on the surfaceof ultrasonic-bonding equipment. We have found that some embodiments ofadhesive compositions of the present invention either do not build up onthe surfaces of ultrasonic-bonding equipment, or, if build-up occurs,the build-up occurs in an amount, or at a rate, that is less than theamount or rate of build-up associated with conventional hot-meltadhesives.

Without being bound to a particular theory, we believe that thoseembodiments of the present invention that do not contain significantamounts of low molecular-weight materials are less likely to flow whenexposed to ultrasonic energy. Significant quantities of smallermolecules (such as a tackifier, resin, oil, or viscosity modifier), whenexposed to ultrasonic energy, may assume fluid-like characteristics andmigrate. Also, to the extent that the smaller molecules are absorbingultrasonic energy, the ultrasonic bonding step is less efficient becausesome of the energy is not being used to weld or join substratestogether, but instead is being absorbed by the smaller molecules in theadhesive. Absorption of energy by these smaller molecules results in theadhesive, or part of the adhesive, exhibiting viscous flow behavior.Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention, which containonly specified amounts of polymer having an atactic, syndiotactic,and/or isotactic configuration (and optionally containing small amountsof certain additives), do not contain significant quantities of lowmolecular-weight materials. We believe these embodiments are lesssusceptible to flowing and building up on the surfaces of equipment whenexposed to various forms of energy (e.g., ultrasonic energy when alaminate or composite material comprising the adhesive embodiment isprocessed in an ultrasonic-bonding unit operation).

In one embodiment of the invention, in addition to including anisotactic polymer and an atactic polymer, the adhesive composition alsoincludes up to 50% by weight of a combination of additives, such as atackifier, an anti-oxidizing agent, color pigment, filler, and/or apolymer compatibilizer. The adhesive composition may include any one ormore of these additives. Examples of suitable tackifiers includePICCOLYTE® S Resins, REGALITE® series, STAYBELITE® ester, each availablefrom Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del. The adhesive compositionmay suitably include 10 to 20 percent by weight tackifier. Examples ofsuitable anti-oxidizing agents include IRGANOX® 565, available fromCiba-Geigy, POLYGARD®, available from Uniroyal Chemical Co., andANTIOXIDANT® series, available from Cytec Industries. The adhesivecomposition may suitably include 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weightantioxidant. Examples of suitable color pigments and fillers includeTiO₂, carbon black, and calcium carbonate. The adhesive composition maysuitably include 1 to 10 percent by weight color pigments and fillers.Examples of suitable polymer compatibilizers includepolypropylene-b-polyethylene, polypropylene-b-polybutene diblockcopolymers. The adhesive composition may suitably include 2 to 10percent by weight polymer compatibilizer. In this embodiment, theadhesive composition suitably has an open time of up to 2 minutes.Alternatively, the adhesive composition can have an open time of up to30 seconds, or up to 10 seconds, or as short as up to 1 second.

Specific examples of composite materials, laminates, and disposableabsorbent articles with which adhesives of the present invention may beutilized are disclosed in the following U.S. patents and U.S. patentapplications: U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,603 issued Jan. 17, 1989, to Meyer etal.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,668 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bernardin; U.S.Pat. No. 5,176,672 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bruemmer et al.; U.S. Pat.No. 5,192,606 issued Mar. 9, 1993, to Proxmire et al.; U.S. Pat. No.4,940,464, entitled “Disposable Incontinence Garment or Training Pant”;U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,675, entitled “Absorbent Article With ImprovedElastic Margins and Containment System”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,672,entitled “Absorbent Article Having Improved Waist Region Dryness andMethod of Manufacture”; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,297, entitled “AbsorbentArticle Having a Collection Conduit.” Each of the preceding U.S. patentsis incorporated by reference in its entirety and in a manner consistentwith the present document. It should be understood that the presentinvention is applicable to other structures, composites, or productsincorporating adhesive compositions of the present invention.

Additional Detail on Representative Process-Control Embodiments

As discussed above, process-control systems may be used to control thevolumetric or mass flow rate of adhesive compositions of the presentinvention to a point of application (e.g., to a point of application ona substrate, layer, or web that will be used to make a laminate orcomposite material). Persons of ordinary skill in the art of processcontrol are familiar with the various process-control strategies,algorithms, and equipment used to control a process. Some of thepossible strategies that may be used to control a process includefeedback-control strategies (i.e., a process in which a variable to becontrolled is measured, the measured value is compared to a desiredvalue, and the difference between the measured value and the desiredvalue is transmitted to a feedback controller that force adjusts amanipulative variable to drive the measured variable back to the desiredvalue) (see, e.g., FIG. 4A); feedforward-control strategies (i.e., aprocess in which a disturbance entering a process is detected, and anappropriate change is made to a manipulative variable so that an outputvariable is held constant; see, e.g., FIG. 4B); and the like.

One example of a process-control system is depicted in FIG. 5. A sensormay be used to determine a signal S₁ corresponding to the variable to becontrolled, e.g. the volumetric or mass flow rate of adhesive beingsprayed or delivered in an adhesive-application unit operation 74. Thissignal may then be relayed electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically,or by other means to a transmitter 76, which converts the signal S₁ intoa control signal M₁. The transmitter transmits the control signal M₁ tothe controller 78.

After receiving the control signal M₁, the controller sends thecorresponding output signal R₁ to the control element 80. The controlelement, such as an electronic or pneumatic control valve, responds tothe output signal R₁ by opening or closing, thus effecting the desiredchange to the variable being manipulated, in this case the volumetric ormass flow rate of adhesive. Alternatively, the control element mighteffect a desired change to the speed at which a pump operates, therebycontrolling the mass or volumetric flow rate of adhesive.

As mentioned above, an air-pressure, electrical, pneumatic, or othersignal may be used to transmit information (e.g., the various signalsdiscussed in the preceding paragraphs) from one device to another (e.g.,from a sensor, to a transmitter, to a controller, to a control element,or to some combination of some or all of these). For example, thecontroller may be a device that converts a control signal into anequivalent air-pressure, electrical, pneumatic, or other output signal.This air-pressure, electrical, pneumatic or other output signal is sentfrom the controller to a control element that effects a change to thevariable being manipulated. If the output signal is an air-pressuresignal, the output signal will be transmitted to the control element viatubing. The control element, such as a pneumatic control valve, respondsto the output signal by opening or closing, thus effecting the desiredchange to the variable being manipulated. The control system may includemultiple valves: e.g., a two-valve system with one operating as aone-directional, open-or-shut valve and the other operating as aproportional valve. Alternatively, the output signal is converted intoan electrical signal. The output signal is relayed to the controlelement via metal wire or other electrical conductor. The controlelement, such as an electronic control valve, responds to the electricalsignal by opening or closing, thus effecting the desired change to thevariable being manipulated.

An operator may input a value directly to the controller to produce acontrol signal. For example, an operator may adjust a dial or otherinput device on a pneumatic, hydraulic, electronic, or other controllerto adjust the volumetric or mass flow rate of adhesive. The operatorselects a setting on the input device of the controller corresponding tothe flow rate desired by the operator. Typically the operator will havecalibrated the input device on the controller so that input-devicesettings each correspond to specific volumetric or mass flow ratevalues.

A general-purpose computer may be used in place of, or in addition to,the controller mentioned above. Typically a general-purpose computeremploys an input device, including, but not limited to, an alpha-numerickeyboard, mouse, joystick, stylus, touch screen, or some combination ofthese. Other devices which may be used to input data to the computerinclude, but are not limited to: devices for reading data stored onmagnetic media such as 3.5 inch “floppy disks” or fixed-drives; devicesfor reading data stored on optical media, such as CD-ROMs; devices forreading data transmitted over cables, including optical cables; anddevices for scanning and digitizing information on a document. Inaddition to the input devices like those mentioned above, ageneral-purpose computer usually includes a visual display fordisplaying data. Also, a general-purpose computer typically has a devicefor storing and retrieving data that is inputted to the computer.Devices for storing and retrieving data include, but are not limited to:a disk drive for reading data from, and storing data on, a 3.5 inch“floppy disk”; a hard disk or other fixed drive; a tape drive; or otherdevice capable of reading data from, and storing data on, magneticmedia.

A general-purpose computer may be adapted for use in controlling thevolumetric or mass flow rate of adhesive. Typically a general-purposecomputer comprises devices for data input, data storage, dataprocessing, data display, and data output, as discussed above. Forpurposes of controlling volumetric or mass flow rate, thegeneral-purpose computer may further comprise a set of instructionscomprising the following steps: reading the control signal M₁, thecontrol signal M₁ being transmitted to the computer in computer-readableform; correlating the control signal M₁ to an output signal R₁ andtransmitting the output signal R₁ to a control element. The controlelement, such as an electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, or other controlvalve, responds to the output signal R₁ by opening or closing, thuseffecting the desired change to the variable being manipulated, in thisvolumetric or mass flow rate. Alternatively, the control element mayeffect desired changes to the speed at which a positive-displacement orother metering pump operates, thereby effecting desired changes to massor volumetric flow rates.

The above discussion provides exemplars of equipment and methods forcontrolling the amount of adhesive being conducted to a point ofapplication per unit time. It should be understood that other equipmentand methods used to force adjust the flow rate of an adhesive of thepresent invention to a control set point, operator-inputted value, orother desired value falls within the scope of the present invention.

In accordance with the present invention as discussed above, theadhesive composition described herein is suitable for use in absorbentlaminated structures and products such as a diapers, children's trainingpants, and other infant and child care products, adult incontinencegarments and other adult care products, medical garments, sanitarynapkins, and other feminine care products and the like, as well assurgical bandages and sponges. To further illustrate how the adhesivecompositions of the present invention can be utilized in laminatedstructures and products, a diaper is illustrated below.

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a cross-section of a diaper 401along the line 8-8 of FIG. 10, which comprises generally an outercover400 which comprises an outer layer 402 and an inner layer 404 adhesivelybonded together with adhesive 406, which may be the adhesive compositionof the present invention. The outer cover 400 is desirably stretchableand may or may not be somewhat elastic. As used herein, the term“stretchable” refers to a material that may be extensible and/orelastic. That is, the material may be extended, deformed or the like,without breaking, and may or may not significantly retract after removalof an extending force. As used herein, the term “elastic” refers to thatproperty of a material where upon removal of an elongating force, thematerial is capable of substantially recovering its original size andshape or the material exhibits a significant retractive force. Moredesirably, the outer cover 400 is extensible such that once stretchedunder the weight of the insulted absorbent body, the outer cover willnot retract substantially back toward its original position. As usedherein, the term “extensible” refers to that property of a materialwhere upon removal of an elongating force, the material experiences asubstantially permanent deformation or the material does not exhibit asignificant retractive force. For example, the outer cover 400 may bestretched approximately 25% to 150% beyond its original length with arelatively low force required to extend. More desirably, the outer cover400 may be stretched approximately 50% to 100% beyond its originallength and most desirably about 50% beyond its original length under alow stretching force. As a further example, in one embodiment a 25%elongation is achieved upon application of a force of in the range ofabout 30 g/in to about 200 g/in, more desirably between about 70 g/inand 150 g/in and most desirably about 100 g/in. It is also contemplatedthat the outer cover 400 may instead be generally non-extensible andremain within the scope of this invention.

The outer cover 400 can also be desirably constructed to support aselected hydrohead of water substantially without leakage therethrough.A suitable technique for determining the resistance of a material toliquid penetration is Federal Test Method Standard FTMS 191 Method 5514,1978, or an equivalent thereof. Since the outer cover 400 can beextensible, a layer of nylon net material having a thickness of about0.1 mm may be needed to support the outer cover material for this test.The net material may be provided by nylon threads arranged in ahexagonal or honeycomb-like pattern with openings approximately 4 mmacross. For example, the net material may be purchased from Wal-MartStores under the trade designation T-246. The net material is liquidpervious and does not significantly affect the hydrohead valuesobtained. The extensible outer cover 400 is desirably sufficientlyimpermeable to liquid and semi-liquid materials to substantially preventthe undesired leakage of waste materials, such as urine and feces. Forexample, the extensible outer cover 400 can desirably support ahydrohead of at least about 45 centimeters (cm) substantially withoutleakage. The extensible outer cover 400 can alternatively support ahydrohead of at least about 55 cm, and optionally, can support ahydrohead of at least about 60 cm, or more, to provide improvedbenefits.

The extensible outer cover 400 can be composed of various materialswhich provide the desired properties set forth herein. For example, theextensible outer cover 400 is desirably composed of a neckable orotherwise necked fabric, but may instead, or may additionally, becomposed of a creped fabric, a crimped fiber fabric, an extendable fiberfabric, a bonded-carded fabric, a micro-pleated fabric, polymer films orthe like. The fabrics may be woven or nonwoven materials, such asspunbond fabrics.

As used herein, the term “neck” or “neck stretch” interchangeably meansthat a material is drawn such that it is extended under conditionsreducing its width or its transverse dimension by drawing and elongatingto increase the length of the fabric. The controlled drawing may takeplace under cool temperatures, room temperature or greater temperaturesand is limited to an increase in overall dimension in the directionbeing drawn up to the elongation required to break the fabric. Thenecking process typically involves unwinding a sheet from a supply rolland passing it through a brake nip roll assembly driven at a givenlinear speed. A take-up roll or nip, operating at a linear speed higherthan the brake nip roll, draws the fabric and generates the tensionneeded to elongate and neck the fabric. U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122 entitledREVERSIBLY NECKED MATERIAL, by M. T. Morman which issued Oct. 23, 1990,the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in amanner consistent with the present document, discloses a process forproviding a reversibly necked non-woven material which may includenecking the material, then heating the necked material, followed bycooling.

As used herein, the term “neckable material or layer” means any materialwhich can be necked such as a nonwoven, woven, or knitted material. Theterm “necked material” refers to any material which has been drawn in atleast one dimension, (e.g. lengthwise), reducing the transversedimension, (e.g. width), such that when the drawing force is removed,the material can be pulled back to its original width. The neckedmaterial typically has a higher basis weight per unit area than theun-necked material. When the necked material is pulled back to itsoriginal un-necked width, it should have about the same basis weight asthe un-necked material. This differs from stretching/orienting amaterial layer, during which the layer is thinned and the basis weightis permanently reduced.

Typically, such necked nonwoven fabric materials are capable of beingnecked up to about 80 percent. For example, the extensible outer cover400 may be composed of a material which has been necked from about 10 toabout 80 percent, desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and moredesirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improved performance.For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “percent necked” or“percent neckdown” refers to a ratio or percentage determined bymeasuring the difference between the pre-necked dimension and the neckeddimension of a neckable material, and then dividing that difference bythe pre-necked dimension of the neckable material and multiplying by 100for percentage. The percent necked can be determined in accordance withthe description in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122.

The outer cover 400 is desirably a multi-layered laminate structure, andmore desirably a necked, multi-layer laminate structure, to provide thedesired levels of extensibility as well as liquid impermeability andvapor permeability. For example, the outer cover 400 of the illustratedembodiment is of two-layer construction, including an outer layer 402constructed of a vapor and liquid permeable necked material and an innerlayer 404 constructed of a liquid impermeable material, with the twolayers being secured together by a suitable laminate adhesive 406, whichas discussed further herein, can be the adhesive composition of thepresent invention. The outer cover may also be a single layer.

The liquid permeable outer layer 402 can be any suitable material asdescribed above and is desirably one which provides a generallycloth-like texture. Suitable neckable materials for the outer layer 402include non-woven webs, woven materials and knitted materials such asthose described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122.Non-woven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes, forexample, bonded carded web processes, meltblowing processes andspunbonding processes. The non-elastic neckable material is desirablyformed from at least one member selected from fibers and filaments ofinelastic polymers. Such polymers include polyesters, for example,polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, for example, polyethylene andpolypropylene, polyamides, for example, nylon 6 and nylon 66. Adesirable material for the outer layer 402 of outer cover 400 is aspunbond polypropylene. These fibers or filaments are used alone or in amixture of two or more thereof. Suitable fibers for forming the neckablematerial include natural and synthetic fibers as well as bicomponent,multi-component, and shaped polymer fibers.

Many polyolefins are available for fiber production including, forexample, fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company'sEscorene PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company's PF-304.Polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical's ASPUN 6811A linear low densitypolyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethyleneare also suitable polymers. The nonwoven web layer may be bonded toimpart a discrete bond pattern with a prescribed bond surface area. Iftoo much bond area is present on the neckable material, it will breakbefore it necks. If there is not enough bond area, then the neckablematerial will pull apart. Typically, the percent bonding area useful inthe present invention ranges from around 5 percent to around 40 percentof the area of the neckable material.

One particular example of suitable material from which the outer layer402 may be constructed is a 0.4 osy (ounce per square yard) or 14 gsm(grams per square meter) spunbond polypropylene non-woven web which isneckable in the range of about 35% to 45%. Also, while it is not anecessity for the outer layer 402 of the outer cover 400 to be liquidpermeable, it is desired that it have a cloth-like texture.

The liquid impermeable inner layer 404 of the outer cover 400 can beeither vapor permeable (i.e., “breathable”) or vapor impermeable. Theinner layer 404 is desirably manufactured from a thin plastic film, suchas a thin polypropylene film, although other flexible liquid impermeablematerials may also be used. More particularly, the inner layer 404 canbe made from either cast or blown film equipment, can be coextruded andcan be embossed if so desired. It is understood that the inner layer 404may otherwise be made from any suitable non-elastic polymer compositionand may include multiple layers. Where the inner layer 404 is vaporpermeable, it may contain such fillers as micropore developing fillers,e.g. calcium carbonate; opacifying agents, e.g. titanium dioxide; andantiblock additives, e.g. diatomaceous earth. Suitable polymers for theinner layer 404 include but are not limited to non-elastic extrudablepolymers such as polyolefin or a blend of polyolefins, nylon, polyesterand ethylene vinyl alcohol. More particularly, useful polyolefinsinclude polypropylene and polyethylene. Other useful polymers includethose described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,073 to Sheth, assigned to ExxonChemical Patents Inc., such as a copolymer of polypropylene and lowdensity polyethylene or linear low density polyethylene.

Alternative polymers for the inner layer 404 include those referred toas single site catalyzed polymers such as “metallocene” polymersproduced according to a metallocene process and which have limitedelastic properties. The term “metallocene-catalyzed polymers” as usedherein includes those polymer materials that are produced by thepolymerization of at least ethylene using metallocenes or constrainedgeometry catalysts, a class of organometallic complexes, as catalysts.For example, a common metallocene is ferrocene, a complex of a metalbetween two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands. Such metallocene polymers areavailable from Exxon Chemical Company of Baytown, Tex. under the tradename EXXPOL® for polypropylene based polymers and EXACT® forpolyethylene based polymers and from Dow Chemical Company of Midland,Mich. under the name ENGAGE®. Desirably, the metallocene polymers areselected from copolymers of ethylene and 1-butene, copolymers ofethylene and 1-hexene, copolymers of ethylene and 1-octene andcombinations thereof.

The inner layer 404 may be laminated to the neckable material of theouter layer 402 to form the laminate outer cover 400 utilizing theadhesive compositions of the present invention or by conventionalmethods known in the art including adhesive bonding, point bonding,thermal point bonding, and sonic welding. The outer cover 400 is thennecked by conventional necking processes which typically vary thesurface speed of the web to draw or neck the laminate. Such neckingprovides striated rugosities in the film and/or laminate resulting intransverse extensibility and retractability to the necked laminate andmore “cloth-like” aesthetics. It is known that stretching and orientinga filled film layer (e.g., inner layer 404) causes micropores to form inthe film, but longitudinal striated rugosities do not typically form inthe film layer when stretched. The film layer would instead becomephysically thinner and may narrow slightly. By necking the laminate, thenon-elastic neckable material, which is attached to the non-elastic filmlayer, will neck and bring the non-elastic film layer with it, therebyforming the longitudinal striated rugosities in the film which allow thefilm layer to extend in the transverse direction.

Alternative necked laminate materials that could be used to provide theouter cover 400 with the desired extensibility and liquid impermeabilityare described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/460,490 filed Dec.14, 1999 and entitled “BREATHABLE LAMINATE PERMANENTLY CONFORMABLE TOTHE CONTOURS OF A WEARER”, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in a manner consistent with the presentdocument. Other suitable necked laminates that include at least onenon-elastic neckable material laminated to at least one non-elastic filmmaterial are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/455,513filed Dec. 6, 1999 and entitled “TRANSVERSELY EXTENSIBLE AND RETRACTABLENECKED LAMINATE OF NON-ELASTIC SHEET LAYERS”, the entire disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in a manner consistent withthe present document. However, it is to be understood that the laminateouter cover need not be composed of a neckable or necked material to beuseful with the adhesive compositions of the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 10, diaper 501 also includes a loop material or“pub patch” 502 adhesively bound to the outer cover for receiving hookmaterial for fastening or closing the diaper during wear. The adhesivecomposition utilized to bond the pub patch to the outer cover maycomprise the adhesive compositions of the present invention. The loopmaterial may include a nonwoven fabric having continuous bonded areasdefining a plurality of discrete unbonded areas. The fibers or filamentswithin the discrete unbonded areas of the fabric are dimensionallystabilized by the continuous bonded areas that encircle or surround eachunbonded area, such that no support or backing layer of film or adhesiveis required. The unbonded areas are specifically designed to affordspaces between fibers or filaments within the unbonded area that remainsufficiently open or large to receive and engage hook elements of thecomplementary hook material. In particular, a pattern-unbonded nonwovenfabric or web may include a spunbond nonwoven web formed of singlecomponent or multi-component melt-spun filaments. For example, the pubpatch may be formed from a laminated structure including a polyethylenecomponent and a polypropylene component adhesively bonded together andthe polypropylene component is outwardly facing to accept a hook-typefastener.

At least one surface of the nonwoven fabric can include a plurality ofdiscrete, unbonded areas surrounded or encircled by continuous bondedareas. The continuous bonded areas dimensionally stabilize the fibers orfilaments forming the nonwoven web by bonding or fusing together theportions of the fibers or filaments that extend outside of the unbondedareas into the bonded areas, while leaving the fibers or filamentswithin the unbonded areas substantially free of bonding or fusing. Thedegree of bonding or fusing within the bonding areas desirably issufficient to render the nonwoven web non-fibrous within the bondedareas, leaving the fibers or filaments within the unbonded areas to actas “loops” for receiving and engaging hook elements. Examples ofsuitable point-unbonded fabrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,515entitled PATTERN-UNBONDED NONWOVEN WEB AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THE SAME,by T. J. Stokes et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in a manner that is consistent with the presentdocument.

Referring again to FIG. 8, diaper 401 additionally comprises anabsorbent core 408 which can be adhesively bonded to a tissue wrap 410(also commonly referred to as a tissue wrap sheet) by adhesive 412 whichcan be the adhesive composition of the present invention. Alternatively,the absorbent core need not have a tissue wrap and can simply besandwiched between the outer cover and the bodyside liner. Absorbentcore 408 may have any of a number of shapes, including rectangular,I-shaped, or T-shaped and is desirably narrower in the crotch regionthan in the front or back regions of the diaper 401. The size and theabsorbent capacity of absorbent core 408 will be selected according tothe size of the intended wearer and the liquid loading imparted by theintended use of the diaper. Further, the size and the absorbent capacityof the absorbent core 408 can be varied to accommodate various sizedwearers. In addition, it has been found that the densities and/or basisweights of the absorbent core 408 can be varied. In the embodimentdescribed herein, the absorbent core 408 typically has an absorbentcapacity of at least about 300 grams of synthetic urine.

The absorbent core 408 desirably includes hydrophilic fibers andsuperabsorbent particles, as described more fully below. Various typesof wettable, hydrophilic fibrous material can be used to make theabsorbent core 408. Examples of suitable fibers include naturallyoccurring organic fibers composed of intrinsically wettable material,such as cellulosic fibers; synthetic fibers composed of cellulose orcellulose derivatives, such as rayon fibers; inorganic fibers composedof an inherently wettable material, such as glass fibers; syntheticfibers made from inherently wettable thermoplastic polymers, such asparticular polyester or polyamide fibers; and synthetic fibers composedof a nonwettable thermoplastic polymer, such as polypropylene fibers,which have been hydrophilized by appropriate means. The fibers may behydrophilized, for example, by treatment with silica, treatment with amaterial which has a suitable hydrophilic moiety and is not readilyremovable from the fiber, or by sheathing the nonwettable, hydrophobicfiber with a hydrophilic polymer during or after the formation of thefiber. For the purposes of the present invention, it is contemplatedthat selected blends of the various types of fibers mentioned above mayalso be employed.

The absorbent core 408 may include a combination of hydrophilic fibersand high-absorbency material. However, it is understood that absorbentbodies having absorbent layers of other compositions and havingdimensions other than described may be used without departing from thescope of the present invention. More specifically, the high-absorbencymaterial in absorbent core 408 can be selected from natural, synthetic,and modified natural polymers and materials. The high-absorbencymaterials can be inorganic materials, such as silica gels, or organiccompounds, such as crosslinked polymers. The term “crosslinked” refersto methods for effectively rendering normally water-soluble materialssubstantially water insoluble but swellable. Such methods include, forexample, physical entanglement, crystalline domains, covalent bonds,ionic complexes and associations, hydrophilic associations such ashydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic associations or Van der Waals forces.

Examples of synthetic, polymeric, high-absorbency materials include thealkali metal and ammonium salts of poly(acrylic acid) andpoly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylamides), poly(vinyl ethers), maleicanhydride copolymers with vinyl ethers and alpha-olefins, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl morpholinone), poly(vinyl alcohol), andmixtures and copolymers thereof. Further polymers suitable for use inabsorbent core 408 include natural and modified natural polymers, suchas hydrolyzed acrylonitrile-grafted starch, acrylic acid grafted starch,methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, andthe natural gums, such as alginates, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, andthe like. Mixtures of natural and wholly or partially syntheticabsorbent polymers can also be useful in the present invention.

The high absorbency material may be in any of a wide variety ofgeometric forms. As a general rule, it is desirable that the highabsorbency material be in the form of discrete particles or beads.However, the high absorbency material may also be in the form of fibers,flakes, rods, spheres, needles, or the like. In general, the highabsorbency material is present in the absorbent core 408 in an amount offrom about 5 to about 90 percent by weight, desirably in an amount of atleast about 30 percent by weight, and even more desirably in an amountof at least about 50 percent by weight based on a total weight ofabsorbent core 408.

An example of high-absorbency material suitable for use in the absorbentcore 408 is SANWET IM 3900 polymer available from Hoechst Celanese, abusiness having offices in Portsmouth, Va. Other suitablesuperabsorbents may include FAVOR SXM 880 polymer obtained fromStockhausen, a business having offices in Greensboro, N.C.

As discussed above, absorbent core 408 can be wrapped in tissue wrap410, and adhesively bonded thereto with adhesive 412, which may be theadhesive composition of the present invention. Tissue wrap 410 is asubstantially hydrophilic tissue wrap employed to help maintain theintegrity of the structure of absorbent core 408 and to stabilizeabsorbent core 408. Tissue wrap 410 can be made of an absorbentcellulosic material, such as creped wadding or a high wet-strengthtissue. Tissue wrap 410 can be configured to provide a wicking layerthat helps to rapidly distribute liquid over the mass of absorbentfibers constituting the absorbent core 408.

Tissue wrap 410 can be adhesively bonded to surge management layer 414with adhesive 416, which may be the adhesive composition of the presentinvention. Surge management layer 414 is typically less hydrophilic thanthe absorbent core 408 and has an operable level of density and basisweight to quickly collect and temporarily hold liquid surges, totransport the liquid from its initial entrance point and tosubstantially completely release the liquid to the absorbent core. Thisconfiguration is intended to minimize the likelihood of the liquid frompooling and collecting on the portion of the diaper against the wearer'sskin, thereby reducing the feeling of wetness by the wearer. Thestructure of the surge management layer 414 also generally enhances theair exchange within the diaper 401.

Various woven and nonwoven fabrics can be used to construct the surgemanagement layer 414. For example, the surge management layer 414 may bea layer made of a meltblown or spunbond web of synthetic fibers, such aspolyolefin fibers. The surge management layer 414 may also be abonded-carded-web or an airlaid web composed of natural and syntheticfibers. The bonded-carded-web may, for example, be a thermally bondedweb that is bonded using low melt binder fibers, powder or adhesive. Thewebs can optionally include a mixture of different fibers. The surgemanagement layer 414 may be composed of a substantially hydrophobicmaterial, and the hydrophobic material may optionally be treated with asurfactant or otherwise processed to impart a desired level ofwettability and hydrophilicity. As one example, the surge managementlayer 414 includes a hydrophobic, nonwoven material having a basisweight of from about 30 to about 120 grams per square meter.

The absorbent core 408 is typically positioned in liquid communicationwith the surge management layer 414 to receive liquids released from thesurge management layer, and to hold and store the liquid. In theillustrated embodiment, the surge management layer 414 is a separatelayer positioned over the absorbent core 408. The surge management layer414 serves to quickly collect and temporarily hold discharged liquids,to transport such liquids from the point of initial contact and spreadthe liquid to other parts of the surge management layer 414, and then tosubstantially completely release such liquids into the absorbent core408.

The surge management layer 414 can be of any desired shape. Suitableshapes include for example, circular, rectangular, triangular,trapezoidal, oblong, dog-boned, hourglass-shaped, or oval.

Additional materials suitable for the surge management layer 414 are setforth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,166 issued Jan. 23, 1996 in the name of C.Ellis et al. and entitled “FIBROUS NONWOVEN WEB SURGE LAYER FOR PERSONALCARE ABSORBENT ARTICLES AND THE LIKE”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,846 issuedFeb. 13, 1996 in the name of Ellis et al. and entitled “IMPROVED SURGEMANAGEMENT FIBROUS NONWOVEN WEB FOR PERSONAL CARE ABSORBENT ARTICLES ANDTHE LIKE”; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,382 issued Nov. 15, 1994 in the nameof Latimer et al. and entitled “ABSORBENT STRUCTURE HAVING IMPROVEDFLUID SURGE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCT INCORPORATING SAME”, the disclosuresof which are hereby incorporated by reference in a manner consistentwith the present document.

The surge management layer 414 is adhesively bonded to the bodysideliner 418 with adhesive 420. The adhesive 420 may be the adhesivecomposition of the present invention. The bodyside liner 418 isgenerally bonded to the inner layer 404 of outer cover 400 with adhesive403 and is desirably pliable, soft feeling, and nonirritating to thewearer's skin, and is employed to help isolate the wearer's skin fromthe absorbent core 408. The bodyside liner 418 is less hydrophilic thanthe absorbent core 408, to present a relatively dry surface to thewearer, and is sufficiently porous to be liquid permeable, permittingliquid to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable bodysideliner 418 may be manufactured from a wide selection of web materials,but is desirably capable of stretching in at least one direction (e.g.,longitudinal or lateral). Various woven and nonwoven fabrics includingeither or both synthetic and natural fibers can be used for the bodysideliner 418. For example, the bodyside liner 418 may be composed of ameltblown or spunbonded web of the desired fibers, and may also be abonded-carded-web. Layers of different materials that may have differentfiber deniers can also be used. The various fabrics can be composed ofnatural fibers, synthetic fibers or combinations thereof. For example,the bodyside liner may comprise a spunbonded polypropylene.

The bodyside liner 418 may be composed of a substantially hydrophobicmaterial, and the hydrophobic material may optionally be treated with asurfactant or otherwise processed to impart a desired level ofwettability and hydrophilicity. Examples of suitable materials for thebodyside liner 418 include 0.3-0.5 osy (10-17 gsm) polypropylenespunbond web treated with a suitable wettability treatment, 0.3-0.5 osy(10-17 gsm) bonded carded web and 0.4-0.8 osy (14-27 gsm) thru airbonded carded web. The fabric can be surface treated with an operativeamount of surfactant, such as about 0.28 percent Triton X-102surfactant. The surfactant can be applied by any conventional means,such as spraying, printing, brush coating or the like.

In particular embodiments, the bodyside liner 418 is desirablyextensible and capable of extending along with the outer cover 400 fordesired fit of the diaper on the wearer. For example, the bodyside liner418 can be composed of various extensible materials such as a neckedfabric, a creped fabric, a micro-pleated fabric, perforated polymerfilms or the like, as well as combinations thereof. The fabrics may bewoven or nonwoven materials, such as spunbond fabrics, that may beelastic or non-elastic. Examples of suitable manufacturing techniquesand suitable necked nonwoven fabric materials for such an extensiblebodyside liner 418 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122 entitledREVERSIBLY NECKED MATERIAL, by M. T. Morman which issued Oct. 23, 1990.

Desirably, the bodyside liner 418 is made from non-elastic neckablematerials for reduced cost and improved manufacturing efficiency.Suitable non-elastic neckable materials for such a configuration includenonwoven webs, woven materials and knitted materials. Such webs caninclude one or more fabric layers. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have beenformed from many processes, for example, bonded carded web processes,meltblowing processes and spunbonding processes. The non-elasticneckable material is desirably formed from at least one member selectedfrom fibers and filaments of inelastic polymers. Such polymers includepolyesters, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, forexample, polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides. These fibers orfilaments are used alone or in a mixture of two or more thereof.Suitable fibers for forming the neckable material include natural andsynthetic fibers as well as bicomponent, multi-component, and shapedpolymer fibers. Many polyolefins are available for fiber productionaccording to the present invention, for example, fiber formingpolypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company's Escorene PD 3445polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company's PF-304. Polyethylenes suchas Dow Chemical's ASPUN 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are also suitablepolymers.

The neckable material may be necked to form the extensible bodysideliner 418 by conventional necking processes which typically vary thesurface speed of the web to draw or neck the material. Such necking willallow the material to extend and retract in the transverse direction. Asdiscussed above, such necked non-woven fabric materials typically arecapable of being necked up to about 80 percent. For example, theextensible bodyside liner 418 may be necked from about 10 to about 80percent, more desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and stillmore desirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improvedperformance.

Containment flaps 422 and 424 may be bonded to the outer cover, bodysideliner, or other intermediate layer. In the illustrated embodiment, theflaps are bonded directly to the bodyside liner 418 using with adhesive426 and 428. A suitable adhesive composition for bonding the containmentflaps to the bodyside liner includes the adhesive composition of thepresent invention. Typically, the containment flaps are first formedoutside of the diaper manufacturing process and subsequently introducedinto the manufacturing process for attachment to the bodyside liner. Asillustrated in FIG. 9, the containment flap 490 is formed off-line byfolding the construction material for the containment flap 490 over ontoitself and securing it with adhesive 492, which may be an adhesivecomposition of the present invention. The folding over of the materialtraps a stretchable material 494, secured to the containment flap 490with adhesive 496, within the containment flap. Adhesive 496 can be theadhesive composition of the present invention.

Referring again to FIG. 8, containment flaps 422 and 424 are configuredto provide a barrier to the lateral flow of body exudates, and generallyinclude a spunbond polypropylene and LYCRA or other stretchablematerial. Each containment flap typically has a free, or unattached end430 and 432 free from connection with the bodyside liner 418 and othercomponents of the diaper 401. Elastic strands (stretchable material) 434and 436 disposed within the containment flaps 422 and 424 adjacent theunattached ends thereof urge the flaps toward an upright, perpendicularconfiguration in at least the crotch region of the diaper 401 to form aseal against the wearer's body when the diaper is worn. The containmentflaps 422 and 424 may extend longitudinally the entire length of theabsorbent core 408 or they may extend only partially along the length ofthe absorbent core 408. When the containment flaps 422 and 424 areshorter in length than the absorbent core 408, the flaps can beselectively positioned anywhere between the side edges of the diaper andthe crotch region of the diaper. In a particular aspect, the containmentflaps 422 and 424 extend the entire length of the absorbent core 408 tobetter contain the body exudates. Containment flaps are generally wellknown to those skilled in the art. For example, suitable constructionsand arrangements for containment flaps are described in U.S. Pat. No.4,704,116 issued Nov. 3, 1987 to K. Enloe, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference in a manner consistent with the presentdocument.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown containment flaps 518 and 520and ears 504 and 506 (also commonly referred to as tabs or side panels)which are adhesively attached to diaper 501. The adhesive, whichattaches the ears to the diaper, may be the adhesive composition of thepresent invention. Typically, the ears 504 and 506 are separately formedand attached to the outer cover, to the bodyside liner, between theouter cover and the bodyside liner, or to other suitable components ofthe diaper. The ears 504 and 506 may be elastic or otherwise renderedelastomeric. For example, the ears 504 and 506 may be an elastomericmaterial such as a neck-bonded laminate (NBL) or stretch-bonded laminate(SBL) material. Methods of making such materials are well known to thoseskilled in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,220 issuedMay 5, 1987 to Wisneski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13,1993 to Morman, and European Patent Application No. EP 0 217 032published on Apr. 8, 1987 in the names of Taylor et al., the disclosuresof which are hereby incorporated by reference in a manner consistentwith the present document. Examples of articles that include elasticizedside panels and selectively configured fastener tabs are described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,496,298 issued Mar. 5, 1996 to Kuepper et al.; U.S. Pat.No. 5,540,796 to Fries; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,618 to Fries; thedisclosures of which are also incorporated herein by reference in amanner consistent with the present document. Alternatively, the ears 504and 506 may be formed integrally with a selected diaper component. Forexample, the ears 504 and 506 can be integrally formed with the inner orouter layer of the outer cover or may be integrally formed from with thebodyside liner.

Fastening components, such as hook fasteners 508 and 510 are typicallyemployed on the ears 504 and 506 to secure the diaper 501 on the body ofa child or other wearer by connecting the ears 504 and 506 to the pubpatch (loop fastener) previously described. The hook fasteners 508 and510 are adhesively bonded to the ears 504 and 506. A suitable adhesiveincludes the adhesive compositions of the present invention.Alternatively, other fastening components (not shown), such as buttons,pins, snaps, adhesive tape fasteners, cohesives, mushroom-and-loopfasteners, or the like, may be employed. Desirably, the interconnectionof the fastening components is selectively releasable and re-attachable.In the illustrated embodiment, the hook fasteners 508 and 510 areattached to and extend laterally out from the respective ears 504 and506 at the back region of the diaper 501.

To provide improved fit and to help further reduce leakage of bodyexudates from the diaper 501, elastic components are typicallyincorporated into the diaper 501, particularly at the waist area and theleg areas. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the diaper 501 has awaist elastic component 512 and leg elastics 514 and 516. The waistelastic 512 is configured to gather and shirr the end margins of thediaper 501 to provide a resilient, comfortable close fit around thewaist of the wearer.

The leg elastic components are typically secured between the outer andinner layers of the outer cover, such as by being bonded to one or bothlayers by a laminate adhesive, such as the adhesive composition of thepresent invention. It should be understood, however, that the legelastic components may be secured between the outer and inner layers ofthe outer cover by other methods.

Each elastic component generally comprises an elongate substrate, suchas a sheet or ribbon, having threads or strands of elastic materialsecured to the substrate in generally parallel, spaced relationship witheach other. As an example, one suitable elastic material from which theelastic strands may be constructed is a dry-spun coalescedmulti-filament elastomeric thread sold under the trade name LYCRA andavailable from E.I. du Pont de Nemours (Wilmington, Del.). The elasticstrands are desirably secured to the substrate while in a stretchedcondition such that the retractive forces of the elastic strands tend togather the substrate. The substrate is in turn secured between the outerand inner layers of the outer cover with the substrate ungathered suchthat the retrative forces of the elastic strands gather the diaper atthe leg openings to provide a snug fit around the wearer's leg. Thevarious components of the diaper 501 are integrally assembled togetherusing a suitable form of attachment, such as a combination of adhesives,sonic bonds, thermal bonds.

Examples of other diaper configurations suitable for use in connectionwith the instant application that may or may not include diapercomponents similar to those described previously are described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,798,603 issued Jan. 17, 1989, to Meyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No.5,176,668 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bernardin; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,672issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bruemmer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,606 issuedMar. 9, 1993, to Proxmire et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,915 issuedApr. 23, 1996 to Hanson et al., the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference in a manner consistent with the presentdocument.

As is evident from the above-description of the diaper manufacturingprocess, hot melt adhesives are commonly utilized throughout the processto hold numerous components together on the production line and to bondnumerous components together. One substantial shortcoming ofconventional hot-melt adhesives that is overcome with the adhesivecompositions of the present invention is that different types ofconventional hot-melt adhesives must be used in the diaper manufacturingprocess depending upon what type of bond is being made, or the positionof the bond in the disposable product. For example, where the bondedmaterials are required to be stretchable or pliable, a crepe-resistanttype hot-melt adhesive must be utilized to provide as muchstretchability and pliability in the bonded joint as possible. Wherestretchability and pliability is not required, a conventionalconstruction adhesive can be utilized to form the bond. This distinctionin conventional hot-melt adhesives mandates more manufacturing equipmentand a more complex manufacturing line, which may be prone to morefrequent breakdowns. With the adhesive compositions of the presentinvention, a single adhesive composition can be utilized throughout theentire manufacturing process, which significantly simplifies the processand reduces costs as only a single adhesive source need be maintained.Further, as mentioned above, the cost of the adhesive compositions ofthe present invention is typically less than conventional constructionhot-melt adhesives, and substantially less than crepe resistantadhesives.

Another significant advantage that the adhesive compositions of thepresent invention provide is that they are stable over extended periodsof time in disposable absorbent products, will not significantlydiscolor or add any additional odor, and will not adversely react withhuman skin upon use. Conventional adhesives that may be present incertain absorbent products tend to discolor over time and may turn ayellowish or yellowish brown color causing an unwanted yellowish orbrownish tint to the product. Additionally, such adhesives may causeadverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals upon contact with skin.Because diapers are typically white in color, discoloration due to theuse of conventional hot-melt adhesives is particularly troublesome as itsignificantly decreases consumer appeal for the product, which begins tolook dirty and old. Also, adverse skin reactions due to the contactingof the conventional hot-melt adhesives with skin can be troublesome insome individuals. This contact with skin can be the result of oversprayas discussed below, or can be the result of adhesive “bleedthrough,” ora soaking through effect of the adhesive through the material to whichit is applied and may cause the product to stick to the skin of thewearer. The adhesive compositions of the present invention are highlystable compounds which will not substantially react with skin and resistdiscoloration and provide diapers with enhanced consumer appeal as thediapers tend to retain their original colorings. Also, bleedthrough isreduced with the adhesive compositions described herein as theseadhesives are much less likely to bleedthrough upon the application ofheat in the manufacturing process.

One significant advantage provided by the adhesive compositions of thepresent invention as compared to conventional hot-melt adhesives is theability of bonded areas on a laminated product to have significantstretch with improved overall strength. When conventional hot-meltadhesives are utilized in bonding two stretchable substrates, theresulting bonded area or joint is typically “locked up,” or providesonly minimal stretching due to the presence of the hot-melt adhesive,even when crepe-resistant type adhesives are utilized. In contrast, whenthe adhesive compositions of the present invention are utilized inbonding two stretchable substrates, there is significant stretch in thebonded joint and the flexibility and strength of the joint is improved.For example, when a polypropylene adhesive composition as describedherein is used to bond together two stretchable polypropylene facedlaminations, the resulting bonded joint possesses significant stretch,flexibility, and strength. This is important in disposable absorbentarticles where the stretching, flexibility, and strength of joints isimportant for proper fit and comfort of the wearer.

In addition to the substantial benefits described above, the adhesivecompositions of the present invention simplify the manufacturing processof disposable absorbent articles. The process is simplified in onemanner because the novel adhesive compositions described herein possesno tack after the adhesive is set which greatly reduces/eliminatesmachine contamination. Conventional hot-melt adhesives typically have along open time; that is, conventional hot-melt adhesives typicallyremain tacky for a substantial period of time after application to asubstrate. This long open time may complicate the manufacturing processas overspray, or the application of adhesive in areas immediatelysurrounding the intended target area which is a common problem inmanufacturing, can lead to the unwanted sticking together of variouscomponents of the laminated absorbent product and complication of themanufacturing process. Also, the unavoidable overspray of conventionalhot-melt adhesives can lead to skin irritation in sensitive individualsas discussed above. The adhesive compositions of the present inventionhave a very short open time and thus are less likely to cause unwantedsticking of components in a laminated product. Also, the adhesivecompositions of the present invention are substantially inert withrespect to skin and thus any overspray which remains on the absorbentproduct is not a significant cause of concern.

Additionally, the manufacturing process of disposable absorbent productssuch as diapers is simplified by the adhesive compositions describedherein as these adhesive compositions are easy to work with and handle,and do not posses a high level of “stickyness.” Conventional hot-meltadhesives typically are melted from a solid to a liquid prior to use andthus it is required that the solid hot-melt adhesives be handled andloaded into a heating apparatus. These conventional adhesives are verysticky to handle, and require a coating of powder on their surface toallow easy handling. No such powderous coating is required with theadhesive compositions of the present invention. These adhesives do nothave a sticky feel on their surface, and can be easily handled withoutthe aid of a powderous coating.

The novel adhesive compositions of the present invention can be utilizedthroughout a laminated absorbent product, such as a diaper, as areplacement for all conventional hot-melt adhesives, including bothcrepe-resistant and construction adhesives, in the construction of theproduct. As noted above, adhesive compositions are used numerous timesin the construction of a laminated absorbent product. The adhesives aretypically present on numerous components of the absorbent product due tothe transferring of materials along the assembly line, and may beutilized solely for bonding certain components together in somecircumstances. The novel adhesive compositions described herein caneasily replace these adhesives, as mentioned above. For example, theadhesive compositions of the present invention can be used for bondingthe following components of a diaper during an in-line manufacturingprocess: containment flaps to bodyside liner; waist elastic to bodysideliner; leg elastic to outer cover; pub patch to outer cover; outer coverto absorbent core; surge layer to absorbent core; tissue wrap toabsorbent core; bodyside liner to outer cover; ears to bodyside liner;and containment flaps to bodyside liner.

Additionally, the novel adhesive compositions of the present inventioncan be utilized in place of conventional hot-melt adhesives in theformation of components ultimately utilized in a laminated absorbentproduct. As mentioned above, numerous components may be made off-lineand subsequently introduced into the manufacturing process of alaminated disposable absorbent product. Such components, which canutilize the adhesive compositions of the present invention in place ofthe traditional hot-melt adhesives, include, for example, a containmentflap assembly where a part of the component is folded over itself, earpieces where hook material may be bonded to a polypropylene substrate,and the outer cover assembly which may consist of an outer layer and aninner layer as described above.

The novel adhesive compositions of the present invention may beintroduced onto one or more components of a laminated absorbent productin numerous patterns well known to those skilled in the art. Forexample, the adhesive compositions may be laid in swirl patterns, slotcoated patterns, air laid or spot coated patterns and/or continuous beadline patters. As one skilled in the art will realize, some patterns maybe more desired with certain materials.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the adhesivecompositions described herein can be utilized as material basis weightincreasing agents to increase the material basis weight and improve theoverall strength and durability of one or more components or zones of adisposable laminated absorbent garment; that is, the adhesivecompositions may be used to increase the material basis weight of aspecific section or portion of one or more components of a laminatedproduct, or a specific zone of the product, to provide increasedmaterial strength in a specific region of the resulting product asopposed to using a thicker starting material. For example, a materialbasis weight increasing agent of the present invention may be introducedonto a specific zone of a component of a disposable absorbent article,such as an attachment zone, to provide increased strength in that zoneupon subsequent manufacturing or use of the product. In this embodiment,an increased amount of material basis weight increasing agent istypically utilized to increase the material basis weight as compared towhen the adhesive composition is used solely as a bonding agent asdiscussed above. As discussed more fully below, the adhesivecompositions described herein can also serve a dual function of actingas a bonding agent and a material basis weight increasing agent.

As is evident from the above discussion and known to those skilled inthe art, it is typically desirable to utilize thin materials ascomponents when manufacturing disposable laminated absorbent productssuch that a thin disposable product is produced; that is, it istypically desirable to use materials with small basis weights, generallyfrom about 0.2 osy to about 0.8 osy, and desirably from about 0.2 osy toabout 0.6 osy. The reasons for this are severalfold, with the primaryreason being cost considerations. When thinner materials are utilized toconstruct laminated absorbent products, significant cost savings on rawmaterials can be realized. Additionally, thinner materials generallyresult in improved flexibility of the resulting product, and improvedfit on the wearer. This improved flexibility and fit can result in amore comfortable product with a reduced risk of leaking, and hence amore consumer-friendly product.

Along with cost and flexibility, thinner materials also typically allowfor improved breathability of the resulting product. Products with ahigh degree of breathability are desirable as hot, moist air containedwithin the product after soiling of the product can be exchanged withthe air outside of the product allowing fresh, cool air inside of theproduct. This results in a more comfortable product for the wearer, andmay also improve overall skin health of the wearer by reducing skinover-hydration. Additionally, thinner materials will typically allow legand waist elastics to perform better such that leakage from the productis minimized. This occurs due to the fact that with thinner materials,the elastic portions of the leg and waist bands do not have to move asmuch material and perform more efficiently.

Moreover, thinner materials allow for improving packaging as theresulting package containing the product is thinner, and easier tohandle and cheaper to transport. This is a direct result of animprovement in the folding and bending characteristics of the absorbentproducts when thinner materials are used to construct the product. Also,thinner packages have significant consumer appeal as they are easier totransport and do not look as bulky as conventionally packaged absorbentproducts.

Although it is generally desirable to utilize thin materials duringmanufacture of laminated disposable absorbent products as discussedabove, such thin materials can lead to numerous problems duringmanufacturing and use of the product. Various bond types, such asultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds, tape bonds, and snap or rivot typefasteners, can fail during manufacturing or use due to the failure ofthin components. Also, as mentioned, adhesive bleedthrough can be aproblem. For example, an ultrasonic bond may cause material failureduring manufacturing due to the hammer/anvil combination pushing throughor puncturing the material causing it to tear, fracture, and/or shreadsuch that the bond fails and the product is not useable. This istypically a direct result of the material being too thin to allow forthe formation of the bond. Similar problems can arise with the othertypes of bonds and fasteners.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the materialbasis weight increasing agents described herein, such as a mixture ofatactic and isotactic polypropylene, can be utilized on a specificregion of a product, or on a portion of a component of a disposablelaminated absorbent product, to increase the material basis weight, andhence the strength, of the treated component such that is it much lesslikely to fail during manufacture when bonding is performed in the areacontaining the adhesive composition, or during consumer use. In thisembodiment, the material basis weight increasing agent is selectivelyadded to a specific region of a component, or the entire component, toincrease the material basis weight of that region such that the strengthand durability are improved and the component is more resistant to thestress and shear forces imparted thereon during manufacture and bonding.The material basis weight increasing agent utilized to increase thematerial basis weight and the strength of the component may be appliedin-line, that is during the manufacturing process, or may be appliedoff-line in a separate process prior to the introduction of the treatedcomponent into the manufacturing process. The adhesive compositions ofthe present invention act to increase the strength of the treated areaby allowing a distribution of force along the entire treated area suchthat the strength of the area is increased. This embodiment of thepresent invention allows for an increase in material strength whereneeded to improve product performance without the need to use a thickerstarting material which could significantly increase costs.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown a diaper 300 having earattachment zones 302 and 304. Ear attachment zones 302 and 304 are theareas of the diaper 300, typically on the outer cover, where the ears306 and 308 may be attached and bonded to the diaper 300. Ear attachmentzones 302 and 304 may be subjected to significant stress and shearforces during the ear attachment portion of the manufacturing processand/or during consumer use. The ears 306 and 308 may be ultrasonicallybonded to the diaper 300 in ear attachment areas 302 and 304 withultrasonic bonds 310 and 312. This ultrasonic bonding imparts stress andshear forces on the diaper material 300 and in some cases can result intearing, shredding, or puncturing of the diaper material 300 in earattachment zones 302 and 304 resulting in an unuseable diaper. This isparticularly true when materials having a basis weight of about 0.3 osyor less are utilized in the construction of the diaper.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the materialbasis weight increasing agents as described herein may be introducedonto the diaper 300 in ear attachment zones 302 and 304 to increase thematerial basis weight, and hence the overall strength, of ear attachmentzones 302 and 304 such that the ear attachment zones 302 and 304 ofdiaper 300 have increased strength and durability and are substantiallymore resistant to tearing and shredding during ultrasonic bonding in themanufacturing process and/or during use. This embodiment of the presentinvention allows a substantially stronger ear attachment zone to becreated without the use of thicker, and hence more expensive, rawmaterial components, such as a thicker outer cover. The thinner materialmay be selectively treated to increase the material basis weight, andhence the thickness, and strength only in specific areas where such anincrease is desirable.

When the adhesive compositions of the present invention are utilized asmaterial basis weight increasing agents, it is generally desirable tointroduce a sufficient amount of the material basis weight increasingagent onto the desired area to increase the material basis weight of thetreated area of the desired component by at least about 10%, moredesirably at least about 25%, still more desirably by at least about50%, and most desirably by at least about 100%. For example, if an outercover component is formed from 0.3 osy spunbond polypropylene, it wouldbe desirable to increase the material basis weight in the ear attachmentzone utilizing the adhesive composition of the present invention by atleast about 100% so the resulting ear attachment zone had a materialbasis weight of at least about 0.6 osy. Such increases in the materialbasis weight substantially improve the strength of the treated componentand its resistance to shear forces which can result in tearing.

In a related embodiment, the adhesive compositions as described hereincan be utilized as both an adhesive composition for bonding twocomponents together and as a material basis weight increasing agent. Forexample, the adhesive compositions could be used to adhesively attachthe ears 306 and 308 to the diaper 300 while at the same time increasingthe material basis weight of the treated area to improve strength. Asufficient amount of adhesive composition/material basis weightincreasing agent is introduced onto the material to increase the basisweight of the material to a desired level of, for example, about 0.8 osywhile simultaneously being utilized as an adhesive to attach the ears tothe diaper. Thus, the adhesive composition can serve the dual functionof adhesive and material basis weight increasing agent.

As mentioned above, the material basis weight increasing agents asdescribed herein can be utilized in any area of a laminated absorbentdisposable product where an increase in material basis weight isdesirable to increase the strength of a given area. Typically, anincrease in material basis weight is desirable in areas where bonding orcomponent attachment will take place or where the product is otherwisesubjected to significant stress and/or shear forces during manufactureor use. Along with the ear attachment zones described above, other zonesof a diaper where an increase in material basis weight and strength maybe beneficial include, for example, the containment flap attachmentzone, the leg elastic and waist band attachment zones, and the pub patchattachment zone. Because each of these areas are typically subjected toultrasonic or another type of bonding during the manufacturing process,an increase in strength and durability is typically desirable.Additionally, based on the disclosure herein, one skilled in the artwill recognize that one or more entire areas of a laminated disposableabsorbent product could be reinforced with the adhesive compositions ofthe present invention to provide an increase in material strength.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the material basisweight increasing agents described herein can be introduced onto acomponent, or a portion of a component, of a disposable absorbentproduct to make the product more easily and efficiently manufactured;that is, the material basis weight increasing agent can be introducedonto the product to increase the material basis weight of the product ina specified area to make the manufacturing process more simple and runmore efficiently, and decrease the number of unsuitable productsproduced. As mentioned above, it is typically desirable to utilizethinner components in the manufacturing of absorbent products to reducecosts and improve product performance. One problem that the use of suchthinner components may impart on the manufacturing process, as comparedto product performance, is that during manufacturing, where componentsand products may move along the manufacturing line at very high rates ofspeed, is that thinner components may shift or blow out of place or foldover onto themselves due to the high manufacturing speeds resulting inan undesirable position which can result in the production of anunsatisfactory product. By introducing the material basis weightincreasing agents of the present invention onto a specific region of anabsorbent product, the increased material basis weight of the specificcomponent can result in a properly aligned product throughout themanufacturing process and an increase in efficiency. This is a desirablemethod of increasing efficiency as compared to utilizing heavier weightbasis materials throughout the product to control component shiftingduring manufacturing.

Referring again to FIG. 11, there is shown a pub patch 310 (alsocommonly referred to as a landing zone area or landing zone patch whichmay be comprised of a PUB type or Guilford loop type material) attachedto diaper 300 with adhesive 312, which may be the adhesive compositionof the present invention, and pub patch 310 ends 314 and 316 whichextend outside of diaper 300. After attachment to the diaper 300, pubpatch 310 ends 314 and 316 may be subject to substantial movement anddisplacement during the diaper manufacturing process as the diaper movesquickly along the manufacturing line as they are typically constructedof thin basis weight material and extend past the outer edge of thediaper. Often, the pub patch 310 ends 314 and 316 can fold over ontothemselves as they move along the manufacturing line. If pub patch 310ends 314 and 316 move from the desired position, the diaper may becomeimproperly manufactured and may have to be discarded as the pub patch310 ends 314 and 316 may interfere with subsequent processing steps. Inan alternative embodiment (not shown) the pub patch may also beconfigured to not extend beyond the outside of the diaper.

To address the problem of unwanted component movement along themanufacturing line, material basis weight increasing agent 318 and 320may be introduced onto the pub patch 310 ends 314 and 316 to increasethe material basis weight of the pub patch 310 ends 314 and 316 suchthat the material basis weight is sufficient for the pub patch 310 ends314 and 316 to substantially resist movement and misplacement during themanufacturing process. Such reinforcement of areas of the diaper duringmanufacturing can substantially improve the efficiency of themanufacturing process by resulting in fewer wasted products, and can bemore efficient as compared to the use of thicker materials throughoutthe laminated product.

When the material basis weight increasing agents of the presentinvention are utilized to make a product, or portion of a product, moreeasily manufactured, it is generally desirable to introduce sufficientmaterial basis weight increasing agent onto the product to increase thematerial basis weight by at least about 10%, more suitably at leastabout 25%, still more suitably at least about 50%, and most suitably atleast about 100%.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the material basisweight increasing agents described herein can be utilized in combinationwith a material to increase the material basis weight of a component, orportion thereof, of a laminated product to strengthen the component, orportion thereof, and/or increase the processability of the product. Inthis embodiment, a layer of material, such as a layer of spunbondpolypropylene, is selectively attached to the material comprising thecomponent of interest in a specific region for material basis weightincrease utilizing the adhesive compositions of the present invention.Typically, the specified region will be a region where the product issubjected to stress or shear during manufacturing or wear and, withoutadditional strength, may fail. For example, the specific region may bethe ear attachment zone of a diaper where the ears are ultrasonicallybonded to the outer cover of the diaper. Because the ultrasonic bondingcan impart stress on the outer cover as discussed herein, reinforcementof this area can significantly improve the resulting product bydecreasing the amount of material failures. In this embodiment, lessadhesive composition is required to increase the material basis weightof the component as a second piece of material is bonded to thecomponent utilizing the adhesive composition.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a diaper 550 comprisingmaterial reinforcement pieces 552 and 554 and ears 556 and 558. Materialreinforcement pieces 552 and 554 are attached to the diaper 550 with anadhesive (not shown), which may be an adhesive of the present inventiondescribed herein, prior to the bonding of the ears 556 and 558 to thediaper 500. Material reinforcement pieces 552 and 554 increase thematerial basis weight of the ear attachment region and increase thestrength of that region prior to the introduction of the ears. Ears 556and 558 are attached to the reinforcement pieces 552 and 554 and diaper500 with ultrasonic bonds 560 and 562. The reinforcement pieces 552 and554 increase the material basis weight of the diaper in the earattachment area such that the ultrasonic bonds which are used to attachthe ears to the diaper are much less likely to tear material and resultin a failed product. Such reinforcement pieces could be used in numerousareas of disposable absorbent products including, for example,containment flap attachment zones and elastic attachment zones.

The material basis weight increasing agents of the present invention asdescribed herein can be applied to the desired component of theabsorbent article in any manner suitable to increase the basis weightand the strength of the treated component. For example, the adhesivecomposition can be introduced onto the desired area of the absorbentproduct in a bead-type continuous pattern, a swirl pattern, aslot-coated pattern, or a melt-blown spray-type pattern. The pattern ofintroduction of the adhesive composition as described herein onto thecomponent is typically not critical, and may vary upon manufacturingrequirements.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the material basisweight increasing agents described herein may be introduced onto thedesired component in a feathered or tapered pattern to improve productperformance while utilizing a reduced amount of adhesive compositionresulting in a cost savings. Feathering of the adhesive composition canprovide maximum material basis weight increase and strength increase inspecific areas while providing some material basis weight increase inother areas.

In one embodiment, a feathering pattern could be utilized to provide thedesired level of material basis weight increase on pub patch ends toreduce the likelihood that the pub patch ends will move substantially orfold over onto themselves during manufacturing. Referring now to FIG.13, there is shown a pub patch 570 bonded to outer cover 580 withadhesive composition 582, which may be the adhesive composition of thepresent invention. Pub patch 570 has pub patch ends 572 and 574 whichextend beyond outer cover 580. Pub patch 570 ends 572 and 574 may moveor fold over onto themselves during manufacturing as described aboveand, as such, may need material basis weight increase to decrease thispotential and increase efficiency in the manufacturing process.

Referring again to FIG. 13, pub patch 570 ends 572 and 574 havefeathered adhesive composition 576 and 578 applied thereto to increasethe material basis weight of pub patch 570 ends 572 and 574. Theadhesive composition introduced onto the pub patch ends is thinner nearthe area where the pub patch is bonded to the outer cover, and becomesincreasingly thicker as the distance away from the pub patch/outer coverbond increases and where the opportunity for movement duringmanufacturing is greatest. This feathered pattern provides for materialbasis weight increase while using less adhesive composition than ifapplied evenly across the pub patch ends.

In another embodiment, the feathered adhesive composition of the presentinvention may take the shape of a dome. Referring to FIG. 14, there isshown a pub patch 590 bonded to outer cover 592 with adhesive 594, whichmay be an adhesive composition of the present invention. Pub patch 590has pub patch ends 596 and 598. Pub patch ends 596 and 598 havefeathered adhesive compound 599 and 1500 applied thereto to increase thematerial basis weight of the pub patch ends 596 and 598. The domed shapeof the feathering may be advantageous in some cases where as it mayprovide for more flexibility at the pub patch/outer cover joint, and mayimpart less stress on the beginning of the attachment zone.

Tests/Procedures Laminate Production

Laminates were made on equipment available from J & M Laboratories, abusiness having offices located in Dawsonville, Ga. As depicted in FIG.6, a first substrate or first base material 102, such as a nonwoven web,was directed from its corresponding unwind stand (not shown) to thesurface of a 6-inch-diameter steel roll 104 and through a nip 106between the steel roll and a 4-inch-diameter rubber roll 110. A secondsubstrate or second base material, such as a second nonwoven web 108,was directed from its unwind stand (not shown) to the surface of therubber roll and through the nip. Typically, the equipment was operatedat a speed of 300 feet per minute.

The applicator 114 used to deposit the adhesive was positioned so thatthe face of the depicted nozzle, which was roughly parallel to thesurface of the web to which adhesive was first applied, was 1.5 inches116 from the surface of the web. Furthermore, the central axis of thedepicted nozzle, which is perpendicular to the web to which adhesive isfirst applied, was 8 inches 118 from a parallel axis that passes throughthe nip defined by the rubber and steel rolls.

From the discussion above, it should be understood that the substratesand the resulting laminate 700 generally moved in a machine direction702 (see FIG. 7A) during their preparation. FIG. 7A depicts a top viewof a portion of a laminate after it has been formed. A continuous bandof adhesive 703, whether it was applied using meltblowing, cycloidal,slot, or other application technique, is denoted by broken lines 705 and707. The adhesive is under the upper substrate of the laminate depictedin the Figure. As the laminate is made in a continuous manner, it iswound up in the form of a roll. The direction that is perpendicular tothe machine direction, but lying within the plane of the laminate, isdenoted as the cross-machine direction 704. Typically the width of theformed laminate, width denoting the dimension parallel to thecross-machine direction, was about 1 to about 12 inches 706. The widthof the applied adhesive, again width denoting a dimension parallel tothe cross-machine direction, typically was from about 0.5 inch to about10 inches 708. Also, the band of adhesive was generally applied suchthat it was substantially centered in the laminate (in the widthdimension). Unless otherwise noted, the width of the applied adhesivewas about 0.5 inch to about 2 inches. (Note: the lines 710 and 712denote the manner in which a 2-inch 714 sample was cut for subsequentanalysis; sample preparation and orientation is discussed in more detailbelow).

The selected adhesive was either an adhesive of the present invention(as noted in the Examples below), or a hot-melt adhesive (again as notedin the Examples below). The adhesive was added using a variety ofpatterns, including a meltblown pattern, a swirl or cycloidal pattern,or a pattern resulting from slot coating. Typically the adhesives wereheated to temperatures ranging from about 350 degrees Fahrenheit toabout 380 degrees Fahrenheit prior to application to one of thesubstrates. Unless otherwise noted, the selected adhesive was addedusing a meltblown pattern. As stated above, unless otherwise noted thewidth of the added adhesive was about 0.5 inch to about 2 inches. Theselected adhesive was added in amounts varying from about 1 gram persquare meter to about 50 grams per square meter, with specificapplication levels or add-on levels noted in the examples.

A number of different substrates were used to prepare the laminates, asnoted in the Examples below. The substrates that were used included: anecked-bonded laminate (“NBL”), which generally comprised a polyethylenelayer sandwiched between two polypropylene, spunbonded layers; apolypropylene, spunbonded layer (“SB”); and an outercover comprising apolyethylene layer and a polypropylene, spunbonded layer. For testswhere the performance of a laminate of the present invention wascompared to the performance of a laminate prepared using a conventionalhot-melt adhesive, the same substrates were used to prepare both thelaminate of the present invention and the conventional laminate.

180 Static Peel Test

The static peel test was used to determine the approximate time tofailure of a laminate in which one substrate was adhesively bonded toanother substrate. All laminates were made as described above on a J & Mmachine. Samples were cut from the prepared laminate which was in theform of a continuous web prepared on a J & M machine, as shown in FIG.7A. FIG. 7B depicts a sectional view of a sample that has been removedfrom the laminate depicted in FIG. 7A. The test procedure was conductedas follows: 1. A 2-inch test panel was cut from the laminate, as shownin FIGS. 7A and 7B. 2. The test laminate was then suspended verticallyin a forced-air oven, model number OV-490A-2 manufactured by Blue M Co.,a business having offices in Blue Island, Ill., that had been pre-heatedto a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, with the top of onesubstrate layer 750 secured by a clamp or other mechanical securingelement, the clamp or securing element having a width of about 2 inches.3. A 500-gram weight was then affixed to the top edge 752 of the othersubstrate using a clamp or other mechanical securing element. Again, theclamp or securing element used to attach the 500-gram weight was about 2inches. 4. Approximately every 1-2 hour, the test laminate was visuallyexamined by quickly opening the oven door. The time at which onesubstrate or layer had detached from the other substrate or layer wasrecorded. The recorded time corresponded to the approximate time offailure of the laminate. The two, now separate, substrates were thenexamined to determine the nature of the failure. If the substratesseparated such that most of the adhesive remained on one of thesubstrates, then failure was deemed to be an adhesion failure (i.e.,failure likely occurred at the interface between one of the substratesand the adhesive composition). If the substrates separated such thatadhesive remained on both substrates, the failure was deemed to be acohesion failure (i.e., separation likely occurred within the adhesivecomposition itself). If neither of these conditions arose, but insteadone or both of the substrates failed (i.e., that portion of the laminatebonded by the adhesive, usually a 1 inch by 2 inch area of the testpanel), then the failure was deemed a material failure of one or bothsubstrates.

Static Shear Test

The static shear test was used to determine the approximate time tofailure of a laminate in which one substrate was adhesively bonded toanother substrate. All laminates were made as described above on a J & Mmachine. Samples were cut from the prepared laminate, which was in theform of a continuous web prepared on a J & M machine, as shown in FIG.7A. FIG. 7B depicts a sectional view of a sample that has been removedfrom the laminate depicted in FIG. 7A. The test procedure was conductedas follows: 1. A 2-inch test panel was cut from the laminate, as shownin FIGS. 7A and 7B. 2. The test laminate was then suspended verticallyin a forced-air oven, model number OV-490A-2 manufactured by Blue M Co.,a business having offices in Blue Island, Ill., that had been pre-heatedto a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, with the top of onesubstrate layer 750 secured by a clamp or other mechanical securingelement, the clamp or securing element having a width greater than 2inches. 3. A 500-gram weight was then affixed to the bottom edge 754 ofthe other substrate using a clamp or other mechanical securing element.Again, the clamp or securing element used to attach the 500-gram weightwas about 2 inches. 4. Approximately every ½ hour, the test laminate wasvisually examined by quickly opening the oven door. The time at whichone substrate or layer had detached from the other substrate or layerwas recorded. The recorded time corresponded to the approximate time offailure of the laminate. The two, now separate, substrates were thenexamined to determine the nature of the failure. If the substratesseparated such that most of the adhesive remained on one of thesubstrates, then failure was deemed to be an adhesion failure (i.e.,failure likely occurred at the interface between one of the substratesand the adhesive composition). If the substrates separated such thatadhesive remained on both substrates, the failure was deemed to be acohesion failure (i.e., separation likely occurred within the adhesivecomposition itself). If neither of these conditions arose, but insteadone or both of the substrates failed (i.e., that portion of the laminatebonded by the adhesive, usually a 1 inch by 2 inch area of the testsample), then the failure was deemed a material failure of one or bothsubstrates.

Dynamic Peel and Shear Testing

To determine dynamic peel strength, a laminate was tested for themaximum amount of tensile force that was needed to pull apart the layersof the laminate. Values for peel strength were obtained using aspecified width of laminate (for the present application, 2 inches);clamp jaw width (for the present application, a width greater than 2inches); and a constant rate of extension (for the present application,a rate of extension of 300 millimeters per minute). For samples having afilm side, the film side of the specimen is covered with masking tape,or some other suitable material, in order to prevent the film fromripping apart during the test. The masking tape is on only one side ofthe laminate and so does not contribute to the peel strength of thesample. This test uses two clamps, each clamp having two jaws with eachjaw having a facing in contact with the sample, to hold the material inthe same plane, usually vertically. The sample size is 2 inches (10.2cm) wide by 4 inches (20.4 cm). The jaw facing size is 0.5 inch (1.25cm) high by at least 2 inches (10.2 cm) wide, and the constant rate ofextension is 300 mm/min. For a dynamic peel test, one clamp is attachedto the top 750 of one substrate of a test panel (see FIG. 7B). The otherclamp is attached to the top 752 of the other substrate of a test panel.During testing, the clamps move apart at the specified rate of extensionto pull apart the laminate. The sample specimen is pulled apart at 180degrees angle of separation between the two layers, and the peelstrength reported is the maximum tensile strength, in grams, recordedduring the test. Each of the peel strengths reported below is an averageof five to nine tests. A suitable device for determining the peelstrength testing is a SINTECH 2 tester, available from the SintechCorporation, a business having offices at 1001 Sheldon Dr., Cary, N.C.27513; or an INSTRON Model™, available from the Instron Corporation, abusiness having offices at 2500 Washington St., Canton, Mass. 02021; orthe Thwing-Albert Model INTELLECTII available from the Thwing-AlbertInstrument Co., a business having offices at 10960 Dutton Rd.,Philadelphia, Pa. 19154.

For a dynamic shear test, the procedure is as described above exceptthat one clamp is attached to the top 750 of one substrate of thelaminate, and the other clamp is attached to the bottom 754 of the othersubstrate of the laminate. The shear strength reported is the maximumtensile strength, in grams, recorded during the test. Each of the shearstrengths reported is an average of five to nine tests.

Accretion Value or Relative Accretion Value

The relative accretion or build-up of an adhesive, alone or incombination with other materials, e.g., fibers, was measured by runninga laminate comprising adhesive through a rotary ultrasonic bonder at 300feet per minute for ten minutes (or other specified time). The rotarybonder included a horn and a dot-pattern anvil design. The ultrasonicgenerator was a 3005 Autotrac, 20 KHz, 3000 watt generator from DukaneCorporation, a business having offices in Saint Charles, Ill. Avariable-power supply was used to vary power available to the generator.The power level used was 100%, which corresponded to an ultrasonic waveamplitude of 2.8 to 3.5 mil (1 mil is equivalent to 1/1000 inch). Thehorn diameter was approximately 6.75 inches, with the pressure exertedby the horn on the anvil typically about 40 pounds per square inch ormore to ensure good contact between the substrate, web, or laminatebeing processed; the horn; and the anvil.

The anvil had a dot pattern, with each pin having a 45 mil diameter anda height of 31 mil. The spacing between each pin was about 79 mil. Theanvil pins were made from D2 tool steel, which was heat treated andthrough hardened to Rockell C 60-63. The width of the pattern was 300mil. The diameter of the anvil was about 5.7 inches.

Additional detail on related designs and specifications pertaining toultrasonic equipment is found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,110,403 and 5,096,532,both of which are incorporated by reference in a manner consistent withthe present document.

The build-up, which consisted of adhesive and other material, e.g.,nonwoven fibers, was scraped from the horn and the anvil and weighed,giving the accretion value for the evaluated adhesive.

Laminates for this evaluation were prepared by meltblowing adhesive toget a 10 gram per square meter coverage on an approximately0.4-ounce-per-square-yard polypropylene spunbond nonwoven facing. Asshown above, adhesive was applied to one facing. This facing with theapplied adhesive was then nipped together with the other facing (orsubstrate, in this case another 0.4 osy polypropylene spunbondsubstrate) to form a laminate. Typical lamination speeds were 300 feetper minute.

Conventional hot-melt adhesives that were used to prepare laminatesprior to accretion-value tests included: an adhesive available under thedesignator H2800 from Bostik-Findley, a business having offices inMilwaukee, Wis.; an adhesive available under the designator H2525A fromBostik-Findley; and an adhesive available under the designator N.S.10242-94A from National Starch Co., a business having offices inBridgewater, N.J.

A laminate made using a conventional hot-melt adhesive, or an adhesiveof the present invention, was run through ultrasonic-bonding equipmentunder the conditions described above. The accretion or buildup wasscraped off the various ultrasonic-bonding surfaces after a selectedtime and weighed. Relative-accretion values may be calculated bydividing the accretion value of the laminate comprising an adhesive ofthe present invention by the accretion value of a selected conventionalhot-melt adhesive (e.g., a conventional hot-melt adhesive for which anadhesive of the present invention is to be substituted).

Thermal Stability: Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential ScanningCalorimetry

The thermal stability of versions of adhesive compositions of thepresent invention was determined using thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry. For the thermogravimetric analysis, asample of adhesive was placed in a sample holder in the heating elementof a Model 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer made by TA Instruments, abusiness having offices in New Castle, Del. The sample was heated fromroom temperature, which was approximately 21 C, to a temperature of 450C at a heating rate of 10 C per minute. The sample was heated under adynamic atmosphere of air with a flow of approximately 80 millilitersper minute. The crucible was continuously weighed during heating so thatany decrease in weight could be detected. The resulting weight-changecurves for the tested adhesives, i.e. plots of sample weight versustemperature, showed that isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene,and blends of atactic and isotactic polypropylene (with the blendstypically ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 30 weightpercent isotactic polypropylene) generally had a decompositiontemperature of about 235 C in air.

For the analysis using differential-scanning calorimetry, a 10 milligramsample of isotactic polypropylene (see Example 1 below) was placed inthe sample chamber of the heating/cooling block of a Model 2920differential scanning calorimetry analyzer made by TA Instruments. Thesample was heated from −100 C to 250 C, then cooled to −100 C, thenreheated again to 250 C, at a heating and cooling rate of 10 C perminute. A Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Accessory, also made by TAInstruments, was attached to the Model 2920 differential scanningcalorimeter. The results indicated that there was a significant peakshowing energy absorption over the temperature range from about 15° C.to about 17° C., with a peak at about 161 C (i.e., indicative ofmelting).

A 10-milligram sample of amorphous polypropylene (see Example 1 below)was evaluated using the same differential-scanning calorimetryprocedure. The analysis indicated that the amorphous polypropylene had aglass-transition temperature of about −10 degrees Celsius.

Viscosity

Atactic and isotactic polypropylene blends of varying compositions wereformulated into 10.0 g samples. These samples were heated to or above400 F in a Brookfield Digital Rheometer Model DV-III using a BrookfieldTemperature Controller (available form Brookfield EngineeringLaboratories, a business having offices in Stoughton, Mass.). Spindle#27 was used for all trials and the instrument was appropriately zeroedand calibrated before each test. After the sample had been stabilizedand sufficiently mixed at 400 degrees Fahrenheit (or above), readings ofthe spindle rpm, torque, and viscosity were recorded. The temperaturewas then lowered, typically in 10 F increments, and the sample allowedto stabilize for 10-15 minutes before subsequent readings of spindlerpm, torque, and viscosity were taken. For various blends of isotacticpolypropylene and atactic polypropylene (see Example 1 below forcharacteristics), Brookfield viscosities at 360 degrees Fahrenheit were:for 10 weight percent isotactic polypropylene/90 weight percent atacticpolypropylene, the viscosity was 3200 centipoise; for 20 weight percentisotactic polypropylene/80 weight percent atactic polypropylene, theviscosity was 4700 centipoise; for 30 weight percent isotacticpolypropylene/70 weight percent atactic polypropylene, the viscosity was6300 centipoise; and for 40 weight percent isotactic polypropylene/60weight percent atactic polypropylene, the viscosity was 7000 centipoise.

For various blends of isotactic polypropylene and atactic polypropylene(see Example 1 below for characteristics), Brookfield viscosities at 380degrees Fahrenheit were: for 10 weight percent isotacticpolypropylene/90 weight percent atactic polypropylene, the viscosity was2500 centipoise; for 20 weight percent isotactic polypropylene/80 weightpercent atactic polypropylene, the viscosity was 3600 centipoise; for 30weight percent isotactic polypropylene/70 weight percent atacticpolypropylene, the viscosity was 4900 centipoise; and for 40 weightpercent isotactic polypropylene/60 weight percent atactic polypropylene,the viscosity was 5300 centipoise.

Molecular Weight (Number Average and Weight Average)

Atactic polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, and blends of atacticand isotactic polypropylene were sent to American Polymer StandardCorp., a business having offices in Philadelphia, Pa., formolecular-weight determinations. The number-average and/orweight-average molecular weights were determined by American Polymerusing gel-permeation chromatography on a Waters Model No. 150gel-permeation chromatograph. The determinations were made using: four,linear, Shodex GPC gel columns; poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) copolymersas standards; trichlorobenzene as the solvent, introduced to thechromatograph at a volumetric flow rate of 1.0 milliliter per minute; anoperating temperature of 135 degrees Celsius; a sample-injection volumeof 100 microliters; an M-150C-(64/25) detector; and a GPC PRO 3.13 IBMAT data module.

Example 1

Amorphous (i.e., atactic) polypropylene (received as slightly yellowish,transparent, elastomeric, small blocks) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich,a business having offices in Milwaukee, Wis. The amorphous polypropylenehad a weight-average molecular weight of about 28,000 and anumber-average molecular weight of 8400 (determined by American Polymeras discussed above). Furthermore, the procured amorphous polypropylenewas determined to have a Brookfield viscosity of 23 poise at atemperature of 190 degrees Celsius (determine as described in theTests/Procedures section above); and a glass-transition temperature of−10 degrees Celsius (determined, as described above, usingdifferential-scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 10 degreesCelsius per minute).

Isotactic polypropylene was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich in the form ofwhite, spherical particles. The isotactic polypropylene was determinedto have a number-average molecular weight of about 20,000 and aweight-average molecular weight of about 110,000. The procured isotacticpolypropylene had a melting index of 1000 grams per ten minutes (at atemperature of 230 degrees Celsius and when subjected to a force of 2.16kg; see ASTM D 1238, which was used for this determination, foradditional detail on measuring the melting index).

Four and ½ kilograms of amorphous polypropylene were added to anadhesive-supply unit; i.e., a hot-melt processing system comprising ahot-melt tank. The adhesive-supply unit was a Dynamelt S Series ModelNumber DM310, available from ITW Dynatec, a business having offices inHendersonville, Tenn. The adhesive-supply unit was set at a temperatureof about 370 degrees Fahrenheit. After about one hour the amorphouspolypropylene was in substantially liquid form. One-half kilogram ofisotactic polypropylene was then added to the already-liquefiedamorphous polypropylene. To ensure adequate mixing and uniformity of theresulting blend, a circulatory pump associated with the adhesive-supplyunit was activated. The circulatory pump, a gear pump, was operated sothat approximately 0.5 to 0.8 pounds per minute of the precursormaterials to the uniform blend were circulated. The pump was run forabout 1 hour, the time at which the isotactic polypropylene solids wereobserved to have melted and become uniformly blended with the liquefiedamorphous polypropylene.

The Brookfield viscosity of the blend was determined to be about 3000centipoise at a temperature of 370 degrees Celsius.

Example 2

A number of adhesives were used to bond two substrates together to makelaminated structures using the procedures described above. The integrityof the bond between the two substrates was then tested using thestatic-peel test described above. In one evaluation, two necked-bondedlaminate (NBL) substrates were bonded together. For additional detail onhow NBLs and other neck-bonded materials are formed, see U.S. Pat. No.5,336,545 to Norman, entitled “Composite Elastic Necked-BondedMaterial,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety ina manner consistent with the present document.

Laminates comprising two adhesively-bonded NBL substrates were made andtested as described above. Each laminate comprised a first NBLsubstrate, as described above, which was adhesively bonded to a secondNBL substrate. For this particular example, each of the adhesives wasslot-coated on to one of the substrate layers when making the laminate.Each adhesive was applied at an add-on level of about 20 grams persquare meter. The same NBL substrate was used to make all laminates inthis Example. The following comparative adhesive compositions weretested: (1) three hot-melt adhesive compositions identified by thealpha-numeric designators N.S. 8819-6C, N.S. 11414-19A, and N.S.11414-19D, which are available from National Starch, a business havingoffices in Bridgewater, N.J.; (2) three hot-melt adhesive compositionsidentified by the alpha-numeric designators H8163, H2800, and H2727,which are all available from Bostik-Findley, a business having officesin Milwaukee, Wis.; and (3) an amorphous poly-alpha-olefin hot-meltadhesive, comprising a poly(ethylene-co-propylene) copolymer, which isavailable under the designator RT2730 from Huntsman Polymer Corp.,Houston, Tex.

For this example, we made an embodiment of our invention by blendingamorphous (i.e., atactic) polypropylene and isotactic polypropylene asdescribed in Example 1 above. The static peel strength was determined asdescribed above (i.e., a 500 gram mass was attached to the upper edge ofone of the substrates of a test panel, with the test laminate suspendedin an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit). Results of thiscomparison are provided in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Comparison of Adhesive Performance Time of Detachment BetweenTwo Substrates (i.e., Adhesive Type Failure) Nature of Failure N.S.8819-6C 2 hours or less Cohesion N.S. 11414-19A 1 hour or less CohesionN.S. 11414-19D 1 hour or less Cohesion H8163 4 hours or less CohesionH2800 4 hours or less Cohesion H2727 4 hours or less Cohesion RT2730 1hour or less Cohesion Atactic/isotactic No bond failure Necked-bondedPolypropylene after 30 hours laminate failed Blend (10% by (i.e., theNBL weight isotactic substrate itself polypropylene) delaminated)

Example 3

Laminates were made with approximately 0.4 osy polypropylene, spunbondedsubstrates and adhesive applied in a meltblown pattern at an applicationlevel of about 10 grams per square meter. The laminate was then runthrough ultrasonic-bonding equipment using the procedures describedabove to determine the accretion value for each of the tested adhesives.

For a laminate made using the blend of atactic polypropylene andisotactic polypropylene described in Example 1, no buildup or residuewas observed on the surfaces of the anvil and horn after theultrasonic-bonding equipment had been run for approximately 8 and ½minutes.

For a laminate made using the H2800 hot-melt adhesive, about 0.4 toabout 0.5 grams of buildup or residue was collected from the surfaces ofthe anvil and horn after the ultrasonic-bonding equipment had been runfor approximately 8 and ½ minutes.

For a laminate made using the H2525A hot-melt adhesive, about 1.8 gramsof buildup or residue was collected from the surfaces of the anvil andhorn after the ultrasonic-bonding equipment had been run forapproximately 5 minutes.

For a laminate made using the N.S.10242-94A hot-melt adhesive, about 1.2grams of buildup or residue were collected from the surfaces of theanvil and horn after the ultrasonic-bonding equipment had been run forapproximately 5 minutes.

Example 4

An embodiment of an adhesive composition of the present invention wasused to bond two substrates together. For this Example, one of thesubstrates was a necked-bonded laminate substrate as discussed above.The second substrate was an outer cover as described above.

A laminate was made by adhesively bonding the NBL substrate to the outercover material as described above. The adhesive was applied, and the NBLsubstrate and outer cover were nipped together in a way such that thepolypropylene, spunbonded layer of the outer cover contacted theadhesive. A version of an adhesive composition of the present inventionwas made as discussed in Example 1 above. Specifically a blend ofatactic and isotactic polypropylene was prepared and used in making thelaminate described in this Example (with the isotactic polypropylenepresent as 10% by weight of the total weight of the blend). The adhesivewas slot coated onto one of the substrates at 20 grams per square meterbefore the NBL substrate and outer cover were nipped together with theadhesive located between the two substrates. The static peel strengthwas determined as described above (i.e., a 500 gram mass was attached tothe upper edge of one of the substrates, with the test panel suspendedin an oven at a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit). For a laminatecomprising an adhesive of the present invention, the time at which onesubstrate detached from the other exceeded 24 hours. Again, there was amaterial failure, the NBL substrate itself delaminated, not a bondfailure.

A second comparative laminate was made as described above (i.e. an NBLsubstrate was adhesively bonded to an outer-cover substrate, with eachof the substrates being the same as those used to prepare a laminatecomprising an adhesive of the present invention as described in thepreceding paragraph) except an embodiment of an adhesive composition ofthe present invention was replaced with RT2730 available from HuntsmanPolymer Corp., as described above. The adhesive was slot coated onto oneof the substrates at 20 grams per square meter before the NBL substrateand outer cover were nipped together with the adhesive located betweenthe two substrates. The static peel strength was determined as describedabove (i.e., a 500 gram mass was attached to the upper edge of one ofthe substrates, with the test panel suspended in an oven at atemperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit). The time at which the substratesdetached from one another was less than 1 hour. The nature of thedetachment was a cohesive failure of the adhesive bond.

Example 5

A laminate was made using a necked-bonded-laminate substrate (i.e., anNBL substrate) and an outercover material (as described above). Theadhesive was applied, and the NBL substrate and outer cover were nippedtogether in a way such that the polypropylene, spunbonded layer of theouter cover contacted the adhesive. A version of an adhesive compositionof the present invention was made as discussed in Example 1 above.Specifically a blend of atactic and isotactic polypropylene was preparedand used in making the laminate described in this Example (with theisotactic polypropylene present as 15% by weight of the total weight ofthe blend). The adhesive was meltblown onto one of the substrates ateither 10 grams per square meter or 20 grams per square meter, asdescribed below, before the NBL substrate and outer cover were nippedtogether with the adhesive located between the two substrates. Thestatic peel strength was determined as described above (i.e., a 500 grammass was attached to the upper edge of one of the substrates, with thetest panel suspended in an oven at a temperature of 100 degreesFahrenheit). For a laminate comprising an adhesive of the presentinvention, the time at which one substrate detached from the otherexceeded 24 hours. Again, there was a material failure, the NBLsubstrate itself delaminated, not a bond failure. The dynamic-peel-testvalue for this same laminate, determined using the procedures discussedabove, was about 870 grams per inch. The mode of failure for thisdynamic test was a material failure (i.e., delamination of the NBLsubstrate).

A second laminate was made in the same way except that the adhesive ofthe present invention was applied at an add-on level of about 20 gramsper square meter. The dynamic-peel-test value for this second laminate,prepared at a higher add-on level, was determined to be about 1160 gramsper inch. The mode of failure for this dynamic test was a materialfailure (i.e., delamination of the NBL substrate).

The dynamic-shear-test value was also determined for each laminate. Atan add-on level of 10 grams per square meter, the dynamic-shear-testvalue was about 2170 grams per square inch. At an add-on level of 20grams per square meter, the dynamic-shear-test value was about 2190grams per square inch. The mode of failure for both of these dynamicshear tests was a material failure (i.e., delamination of the NBLsubstrate).

Example 6

A laminate was made using a necked-bonded-laminate substrate (i.e., anNBL substrate) and a stretch-bonded laminate (“SBL”) as a substrate. AnSBL is generally a laminate made up of an elongated elastic web orelongated elastomeric strands bonded between two spunbond layers, forexample. For additional detail on how SBLs are formed, see EuropeanPatent Application No. EP 0 217 032 published on Apr. 8, 1987 in thenames of Taylor et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety in a manner consistent with the present document.

The adhesive was applied, and the NBL substrate and SBL substrate werenipped together with the adhesive now located between the substrates. Aversion of an adhesive composition of the present invention was made asdiscussed in Example 1 above, except that the composition was made sothat isotactic polypropylene was present as 15% by weight of the totalweight, i.e., the adhesive composition comprised 15 weight percentisotactic polypropylene. The adhesive was meltblown onto one of thesubstrates at either 20 grams per square meter or 40 grams per squaremeter, as described below, before the NBL substrate and SBL substratewere nipped together with the adhesive located between the twosubstrates. The dynamic-peel-test value for this NBL/SBL laminatecomprising a 15-weight-percent isotactic polypropylene/85-weight-percentatactic polypropylene blend applied at 20 grams per square meter wasdetermined to be 1220 grams per inch. The mode of failure for thisdynamic test was a material failure (i.e., delamination of the NBLsubstrate and SBL substrate). The dynamic-shear-test value for thisNBL/SBL laminate comprising a 15-weight-percent isotacticpolypropylene/85-weight-percent atactic polypropylene blend applied at20 grams per square meter was determined to be 2540 grams per squareinch. The mode of failure for this dynamic shear test was a materialfailure (i.e., delamination of the NBL substrate).

The dynamic-peel-test value for this NBL/SBL laminate comprising a15-weight-percent isotactic polypropylene/85-weight-percent atacticpolypropylene blend applied at 40 grams per square meter was determinedto be 1580 grams per inch. The mode of failure for this dynamic test wasa material failure (i.e., delamination of the NBL substrate and SBLsubstrate). The dynamic-shear-test value for this NBL/SBL laminatecomprising a 15-weight-percent isotactic polypropylene/85-weight-percentatactic polypropylene blend applied at 40 grams per square meter wasdetermined to be 2280 grams per square inch. The mode of failure forthis dynamic shear test was a material failure (i.e., delamination ofthe NBL substrate).

Another laminate was made in the same way except that the adhesive ofthe present invention was replaced with a conventional hot-melt adhesiveavailable under the designator H2800 from Bostik-Findley. This adhesivewas meltblown at an add-on level of 40 grams per square meter. Thedynamic-peel-test value for this NBL/SBL laminate comprising the H2800adhesive, applied at 40 grams per square meter, was determined to be1470 grams per inch. The mode of failure for this dynamic test was amaterial failure (i.e., delamination of the NBL substrate and SBLsubstrate). The dynamic-shear-test value for this NBL/SBL laminatecomprising the H2800 adhesive, applied at 40 grams per square meter, wasdetermined to be 2800 grams per square inch. The mode of failure forthis dynamic shear test was a material failure (i.e., delamination ofthe NBL substrate).

It will be appreciated that details of the foregoing embodiments, givenfor purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as limiting thescope of this invention. Although only a few exemplary embodiments ofthis invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in theart will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in theexemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novelteachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thisinvention, which is defined in the following claims and all equivalentsthereto. Further, it is recognized that many embodiments may beconceived that do not achieve all of the advantages of some embodiments,particularly of the preferred embodiments, yet the absence of aparticular advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean thatsuch an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.

1. A laminated absorbent product comprising a component comprising a first material wherein at least a portion of the first material comprises a second material bonded thereto for increasing the material basis weight of the first material, the first material and second material being bonded together with an adhesive composition, the adhesive composition comprising an atactic polymer and an isotactic polymer, the atactic polymer being selected from the group consisting of low density polyethylene, atactic polystyrene, atactic polybutene, and combinations thereof, and having a degree of crystallinity of less than about 20% and a number-average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 300,000, and the isotactic polymer having a degree of crystallinity of at least about 40% and a number-average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 200,000.
 2. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the material basis weight of the first material is increased by at least about 10%.
 3. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the material basis weight of the first material is increased by at least about 25%.
 4. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the material basis weight of the first material is increased by at least about 50%.
 5. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the material basis weight of the first material is increased by at least about 100%.
 6. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the degree of crystallinity of the atactic polymer is less than about 15%.
 7. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the degree of crystallinity of the isotactic polymer is at least about 60%.
 8. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the number-average molecular weight of the atactic polymer is between about 3,000 and about 100,000.
 9. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the number-average molecular weight of the isotactic polymer is between about 10,000 and about 100,000.
 10. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the adhesive composition is hot-melt processable at less than about 450 degrees Fahrenheit.
 11. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the adhesive composition is hot-melt processable at less than about 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
 12. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the adhesive composition comprises from about 50 to about 90 weight percent of the atactic polymer and from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of the isotactic polymer.
 13. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the low density polyethylene has a density in the range of 0.910 to 0.935 grams per cubic centimeter.
 14. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the isotactic polymer comprises isotactic polypropylene.
 15. The laminated absorbent product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the isotactic polymer is selected from the group consisting of high density poylethylene, isotactic polystyrene, isotactic polybutene, and combinations thereof. 16-73. (canceled) 